New Article Reveals the Low Down on Samples of Essay Requesting Foe Graduate Assistanceship and Why You Must Take Action Today

New Article Reveals the Low Down on Samples of Essay Requesting Foe Graduate Assistanceship and Why You Must Take Action Today The Fight Against Samples of Essay Requesting Foe Graduate Assistanceship There's a selection of easy and short graduate essays organization alternatives. In reality, some academically excellent students don't have much clue in writing an extensive essay. The requested materials won't necessarily be the very same, either. Though this task requires just a few things to finish, most students find it extremely tough to compose an essay with quality. As stated by the English MBA graduate essay writers, it is an excellent choice to cluster each point you want to make around the thesis. Even in the event the topics are alike, it's still true that you wish to tailor your writing so that every university your applying to feels just like you're writing it for them. A Graduate Assistantship is basically a job in which you work for the college or university where you'll be a student. If someone has no troubles with their profession, it does not follow that postgraduate studying is not essential. I've worked with both elementary and middle school teachers, and camp directors to come up with curricula that fulfill the requirements of students. Without a transparent purpose, your school won't be in a position to position you or understand exactly why you're applyingand which is not excellent. Attempt to become in touch with the students who've been accepted to your prospective school. But ultimately, what grad schools really need to know is if you are going to be prosperous. What Samples of Essay Requesting Foe Graduate Assistanceship Is - and What it Is Not A slew of essays fail because they're too generic, and might be written for more or less any other school. Read these to get a notion of what things to expect when writing yours. In case it says one-page then don't have another page (really, you likely don't require another page no matter what). Luckily, you've come to the proper place to discover the greatest remedy to every single academic writing problem that you'r e currently facing with your essay. Please I would like to know what is going to be good time this week to talk about about my background. Talking of nursing resume template particularly, an individual should know the work profile and after that accordingly compose the resume. Stay to that theme, and you'll be golden. Want to Know More About Samples of Essay Requesting Foe Graduate Assistanceship? The degree of scholarly research made by the department also attracts me. Understanding my former responsibilities regarding theory and learn to turn new theories into practice is a process I am unable to wait to start. Are in a position to investigate problems and offer effective solutions. Identify and articulate their skills, wisdom and understanding confidently and in many different contexts. I am going to be showing you the way to write it correctly as a way to greatly boost your odds of obtaining a scholarship for single mother. A graduate school admission essay is a sort of work you cannot do very well without some preliminary experience, and the majority of people don't get a good deal of chances to practice doing it in their career. What such people don't see is that studying is, in reality, among the biggest services one can do for oneself. The straightforward answer is it is dependent on what exactly the school is asking, and what exactly you're hoping to do. You're able to also mention how you are going to follow up. Finding a graduate assistantship is a significant step towards career success, but getting one can be quite challenging. It provides you a chance to emphasize the skills you have that are particular to the area, and you could also convey professionalism with the skillful way you compose the letter. Because of the ARD role I've been afforded, I have had the chance to observe how this prospective career may play out. What Does Samples of Essay Requesting Foe Graduate Assistanceship Mean? Closing In closing your application letter, it is critical to create a very clear and strong simple statement of the reasons why you must be chosen or why your application ought to be granted. As stated at the start, these are only the general pieces of every application letter. Letters of interest are like cover letters, except they may be sent even if the provider isn't actively hiring, and if they haven't specified a specific job opening to apply for. An application letter is among the very first few things which you want to prepare when applying for employment. It is advised that you waive your rights to assess the letters. Occasionally it may be required alongside other writing samples. Write about how that school will help you reach your goals. Your recommender may also opt to share their letter alongside you.

Lincoln And His Generals By War Abraham Lincoln As...

Anthony Espindola Dr. Flashnick HST 340 15 February 2015 Book review: Lincoln and His Generals Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief While there are countless books and biographies written on the life of Abraham Lincoln, none argue quite so heavily in favor of Lincoln’s military brilliance during the Civil War as T. Harry Williams’ book Lincoln and His Generals, published in 1952. Williams, born in 1909, is an experienced historian who taught at Louisiana State University and wrote multiple books on military and political history (Williams, 2). Large amounts of his work focused on the Civil War, primarily with that of the Union’s leadership. Within the preface of his book, Williams directly states that his â€Å"theme is Lincoln as a director of war and his place in the high command and his influence in developing a modern command system for this nation† (Williams, 7). While the theme of this book was certainly original at the time it was written, the book Tried by War: Abraham as Commander in Chief – written by James M. McPher son and published in 2008 – shares similar contributions to the leadership qualities of President Lincoln. McPherson also argues that it was Lincoln’s learned military genius that won the war for the north. McPherson, like Williams, has written many essays and works about the Civil War, and is a renowned historian for his expertise in that genre. Both authors are well educated in the history of Lincoln even though their works are nearlyShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Of Abraham Lincoln And Nathan Bedford Forrest981 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessarily has to have a supernatural power. The only thing that makes heroes a hero is their brave soul and mind. Abraham Lincoln and Nathan Bedford Forrest are also considered as heroes in different ways. Nathan Bedford Forrest is a genius, a commander, and he is a successful businessman. 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Economic Settings Of The Buyers Industry †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economic Settings Of The Buyers Industry. Answer: Economic Settings Of The Buyers Industry Mergers and acquisitions today in figures speak for themselves: after years of failed attempts, the total value of mergers and acquisitions between January and July around the world now reaches 2.27 trillion dollars (1.7 trillion euros), the highest level high since 20013, when it added 3.14 billion, according to MA reports. The jump is even more remarkable if one takes into account that it is 43% more than in the first seven months of 2015, when it was 1.58 trillion dollars(Nussbaum, Andrew J et al.9).Mergers and Acquisitions have become so common in industries where competitions and industry rivalry is the in thing. The coffee industry is becoming highly demanding as bigger companies aim at solidifying their positions as market leaders. The food and beverage industry has seen astronomical increase in MA in the last couple of years especially in the United States of America. In the US the consumers are not only hungry for quality food but also quality beverages which includes bevera ges like coffee (Rickertsen and Gunther23-25). Exceptional coffee does well in restaurants and cafes in the US and across the globe. People are willing to pay an extra dollar for just to get premium and quality coffee products. There are many characteristics of this industry that makes it more competitive than most of the industries in the US. JAB has been aggressive in the mergers and acquisitions in the sector as well as Farmer Bros. this are two of the leading brands in the food and beverage and are looking to expand their respective brands(DEPAMPHILIS, DONALD.16). Farmer Bros Company which trades as FARM in Nasdaq recently completed a acquisition of $42 million for Boyd Coffee company a coffee roasting company (Sherman and Sherman16-18). Boyd Coffee is the leading distributor of coffee products in the industry and distributes to restaurants, healthcare and the convenience stores or supermarkets. Other buyers are strategically looking for acquisitions to bolster their space in the industry. Nestle is also looking for a strategic acquisition of Blue Bottle Coffee a leading manufacturer of coffee and roast for an amount that they are not willing to disclose (Brown.108). This strategic acquisition is aimed at opening new cafes and roasters where the company operates a chain of cafes. Blue Bottle Company operates 29 cafes and begun in 2002, after its acquisition, Nestle wants to open up 25 more cafes by the end of 2017. This is a 25% increase in growth which will see it among the leading companies in coffee production, distribution and sales(DEPAMPHILIS, DONALD.23-27). JAB holding on the other hand is on a roll of acquisition to increase its market visibility. It is an investment vehicle of Austrias billionaire Riemann and his family. It has been growing its coffee outlets through mergers and acquisitions with acquisitions of Peets coffee Tea, Stumptown Coffee Roasters and finally Intelligentsia Coffee. If the coffee is right, the money will flow as consumers are demanding for more in the tasty industry (Feldman and Dresner15-19). The characteristics of this industry are as follows; it is extremely competitive and any slip up in quality of coffee produced will lead to severe damage of the brand. Near similar products but different varying to make them to be differentiated to make the company more differentiated. The industry is also characterized by a desire to expand and to outdo the competitors in a lot of ways (Dreher, Maximilian, and Dietmar Ernst112-116.). There are various challenges that occur before the mergers and acquisition transaction. Most of these companies know very little in conducting MAs. The challenges that are involved include valuation of the company that is being acquired. A lot of valuers either undervalue or overvalue a company. This is even pronounced in valuation of a brand. Although most of the companies acquiring are multinationals like Nestle with a lot of financial muscle, it possible that overvaluation may lead to dip in profits. There are four types of transaction opportunities, the first is companies that sell or reduce their businesses, the second is, expansion of the company and the third is opportunity to buy public companies that are being privatized(Joint Ventures.96). The industry is also facing challenges of mushrooming cafes that are popping up to compete for space. It is a lucrative business that is meant to lure so many business people to open the cafes and hotels. Venture capitalist finally is acq uiring more companies that can barely survive. Financial challenges are also challenges that face mergers and takeovers where the company been acquired is overridden by debts and potential collapse (Dreher, Maximilian, and Dietmar Ernst.16-24). Competition for coffee beans has led to wars in the market where prices have shot upwards due to demand for the best coffee beans. The various types of transactions means that it is more difficult nowadays to purchase a companies. For the acquirer or the buyer, the biggest challenge understands what can be adopted, changed and harmonized within the company. Other challenges include retaining the staff or costs related to the employees and the benefits to be paid after retrenching some of the employees (Gutterman12). The industry trends that are applicable prior to the transaction are emergence of expansion strategies that are indeed going to take the expansion strategy. Business Economics Reasons For The Transaction Reasons stated in the annual report and the deal announcement. The reasons given for the transaction in the merger and acquisition of Farmer Bros Company to acquire Boyd Coffee Company is to increase its presence in the industry. Increase in its presence is an expansion strategy which equals to increase in revenues for Farmer Bros. Creating a leading strong brand in mergers and acquisition is a way to increase the shareholders dividends through profits. It was also stated in the financial statement that the need for mergers and acquisition is because the leading brand had started expanding too (Reiter, Shishler and Prichard 65). The deal announcement was made in the annual general meeting (AGM) and is sent to every shareholders through the annual statements of finance. The financial press is also a good platform for announcing the deal. Eliminating of a competitor is another reason why the company acquired the coffee roaster as it had a lot of stores (Dreher, Maximilian, and Dietmar Ernst 24.). Reasons stated in financial press. The reasons given for mergers and acquisition in this MA transaction is the need to have a sharpening focus on business and creation of synergy between the coffee roasting business and the seller. Farmers Bros Company is the seller while Boyd company is a roasting company. Another reason given is growth, as food and beverage industry is highly competitive and requires a lot of growth (Dreher, Maximilian, and Dietmar Ernst. 87). Additionally, increase in supply chain pricing power through eliminating the levels of costs. It lowers the cost of distribution and purchase of coffee beans. Strategy How did this particular transaction fit into the broad strategy of the acquiring firm (Reason to buy)? The selling firm (Reason to sell)? A merger is the combination of two companies to form a third, completely new. Both merged companies cease to exist, and shares of those are exchanged for shares in the new company. For its part, an acquisition is the combination of two companies of which one disappears; the other company acquires the assets and liabilities of the acquired company (Gaughan 44-45). In recent weeks the business environment has seen large mergers and acquisitions. Farmers bros bought Boyd and the alliance was approved. Why do big companies merge or buy others? This type of mechanisms is not exclusive of the large ones; also the medium ones do it when they think about making a great qualitative leap (Mu?ller-Stewens, Gu?nter et al 87.). Normally companies large have two ways to grow, one organically, with resources own or through mergers and acquisitions According to the merger analyst, who participates in approximately five or six merger processes each year, he explains that mergers help companies grow much faster than organically, without However, it does not recommend carrying out this type of process if it is not convinced that the transaction will generate value for shareholders (Tobin and Parker 87). The sum of one plus one it must be 3, not 1.5. The objective of any merger is to create value, but, on the terrain has to analyze each process to achieve it. Farmers bros. is one of the companies that have grown through mergers and acquisitions. Boyd recently has been carrying out mergers with bottlers in regions contiguous and has managed to save in the logistics processes. Nestle also has been acquiring companies in the United States and other regions of the world. There are several American players active in mergers and acquisitions (Mu?ller-Stewens, Gu?nter et al.89). Was the acquisition of a company in the same sector of the buyer or acquisition of a company of another sector? Reasons? Top management, the CEO and the shareholders are the ones who normally have the vision to carry out a fusion ", explains the expert, who points out that they are the heads of different areas of the company that should participate in the processes of merger and acquisition to take advantage of the specific synergies of each area of the business once it has been decided to carry out this type of process (Wu 35). As for the chain of events that must be overcome by companies that decide to enter a merger or acquisition the first consists in starting from a thesis, that is, An idea to generate more value by buying another company. Later, you have to negotiate the transaction. This is followed by the execution, the taking of possession of the acquired company and the application of the strategy to increase the benefits of the acquiring company(Gregoriou, Greg N, and Luc Renneboog 75). Post integration transaction is also part of the chain. The integration of human resources is one of the most important parts, you have to determine who are left, who will leave and what will be the salary ranges, and so it is with every process, for example, systems. Terms Of The Transaction Describe deal structure. As coffee roasters, both companies Farmer Brothers and Portland Boyds coffee company have an easy merger and acquisition deal. The structure requires Farmer Brothers to pay $42 million in cash and a further 21,000 shares that will be created on a new series of preferred stock. As the deal closes, the preliminary value of estimated cost will be $16.6 million at the end of closure of the deal. This is also equivalent to $789 per share and would eventually put the value of the estimated deal worth at $ 58.6million. This is a high profile acquisition deal that will define the industry in years. How large was the premium paid to the target? The premium paid to the target company in this case, Boyd coffee company is $ 42 million as the initial cost of acquisition and a further preferred stock of 21000 shares. The preliminary value of the estimated deal is around $ 789 per share making it worth $ 16.6 million at the end of the deal. This is the total premium that will be paid as the company finally is taken by the Farmers Brothers. The total estimated worth of the deal in the coffee industry is $58.6 million. The transaction will close at the fourth quarter of this year. The company was founded in 1912 and has over the years grown in stature and profit (Gregariou and Renneboog 36). In 2014, the company recorded a profit of $90 million down from $120 million in the previous year (Gregoriou, Greg N, and Luc Renneboog 84). The acquisition process in this case will be simple. This is because, both companies are coffee roasters. They are manufactures, distributors and wholesalers of branded and private labeled coffee. How was the deal financed? The deal wasfinanced through normal equity of the company and the retained profits. As a company that is publicly trading in the Nasdaq (FARM), the funding must be approved by the shareholders and the board of directors through the annual general meeting or the extra ordinary general meeting (Howson79). However, it is unclear how Boyds 280 workers will be affected by the acquisition. Initial Reaction To Deal Stock market reaction (sharp rises or declines in security prices upon announcement of the deal require additional discussion). In a deal like this, normal reaction to the market is bullish symbolizing an increase in prices of the stock. Farmers Bros stock jumped into a bullish 7 % in the wake of the companys announcement that it would acquire the Portlands Boyd Coffee company. This helped 1% boost in the companys profit although marginal (Dougherty and Fairpo.9). According to the companys CEO, Mike Keown, there was a growth of 5 % in value of the companies share and a big boost in the companys pre-tax operating earnings. The price per share of the company is at $ 789 dollars which shows that the company is doing well financially. The acquisition of Boyds is meant to accelerate growth of the company leading to a rise in the companys share price (Brown, Meredith M 36). Financial press (WSJ, Business Week, Forbes, etc.) reaction. The wall street journal, Business week, the financial times and Forbes are all very optimistic about the transaction. WSJ terms the deal as the deal of the year; they are however a little bit critical of the deal saying that Boyd was stronger on its own and should have survived. Forbes estimates the deal to be worth more than $100 million at the conclusion of the deal. The business week is skeptical in the deal although it praises the management and the board of the two companies in their effort of finalizing the deal. The financial press is however of the opinion that the acquisition of Boyd coffee will stir growth of Farmers bros and the coffee industry as a whole (Dougherty and Fairpo.33). Value Creation How did buyer expect to create value? As a coffee roaster, Farmers Brothers Company is expected to create value by acquiring the Boyds coffee and enhancing the value of the company. As a manufacturer, distributor and wholesaler of both private and branded coffee, the value is created when the prices are increased. The supply chain is enhanced as suppliers are consolidated to one focal point. The coffee roasted will meet the quality of the industry. Describes sources of value creation. The sources of value creation start from the coffee farms itself. Farmers bros has a big farm in Portland and there is where value is created initially. The second part for value creation is the factory when the coffee is being roasted (Cooper and Finkelstein.58). Roasting takes professionals who are conversant with their work. Value creation is then transferred to manufacturing and distribution of the coffee beans. The final stage of value creation is at the restaurants, cafes and hotels where the customers indulge in the sweet taste of purely blended coffee from the farms (Brown, Meredith M.86). Another reason given is growth, as food and beverage industry is highly competitive and requires a lot of growth. Creating a leading strong brand in mergers and acquisition is a way to increase the shareholders dividends through profits. It was also stated in the financial statement that the need for mergers and acquisition is because the leading brand had started expanding too (Brown, Mere dith M.99). References Brown, Meredith M.Takeovers. New York, Aspen Publishers, 2010.Print Cooper, Cary L, and Sydney Finkelstein. Advances In Mergers And Acquisitions. Bingley: Emerald, 2011. Print. Depamphilis, Donald.Mergers, Acquisitions, And Other Restructuring Activities. [S.L.], Elsevier Academic Press 2017.Print. Dreher, Maximilian, and Dietmar Ernst.Mergers Acquisitions. Print Dougherty, Nigel, and Anne Fairpo. Company Acquisition Of Own Shares. Print. Feldman, David N, and Steven Dresner. Reverse Mergers. New York: Bloomberg Press, 2006. Print. Gaughan, Patrick A. Mergers, Acquisitions, And Corporate Restructurings. Print. Gregoriou, Greg N, and Luc Renneboog.International Mergers And Acquisitions Activity Since 1990. Amsterdam [U.A.], Elsevier AP, 2007.Print. Gutterman, Alan S. Short Course In International Joint Ventures. Petaluma: World Trade Press, 2008. Print. Howson, Peter. Commercial Due Diligence. Farnham: Ashgate Pub., 2007. Print. Reiter, Barry J, Melanie Shishler, and J Robert S Prichard. Joint Ventures. Toronto: Irwin Law, 2015. Print. Rickertsen, Rick, and Robert E Gunther. Buyout. New York: AMACOM, 2001. Print. Sherman, Andrew J, and Andrew J Sherman. Mergers Acquisitions From A To Z. New York: American Management Association, 2011. Print. Tobin, James B, and Lawrence R Parker. Joint Ventures, Mergers And Acquisitions, And Capital Flow. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009. Print. Wu, Fan. Implicit Incentives In International Joint Ventures. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2012. Print.

Jim Kendall Essays - English-language Films,

Jim Kendall Small Town Jim's death was something he has been asking for quiet a while. Playing pranks and cheating on his wife. Evan though all the wrong things he did he sure was loved by his friends. The narrator's attitude toward Jim Kendall and his pranks slowly reveal the backbiting nature of small-town life and of the narrator himself. The narrator knew Jim extremely well and the whole town. Everyday was routine for the entire; everyone knew everyone and everyone gossiped about everyone. It was a small town which soon would have some mystery's. Whitey the narrator worked with Jim Kendall in the Barber Shop. He knew all the jokes and stories that jim told by heart. When Jim died a big part of the Barber Shop died as well. Jim kept the shop very comical and relaxing. Whitey sure did miss him and his crazy pranks. Before Jim's tragic death there was a situation that was revealed to us by the narrator. A woman named Julie Gregg was introduced in the story, a woman in which Jim was interested. Though she was rather disgusted by him due to the fact that he was married. He did try to pursue her, but it got him nowhere. Julie Gregg was interested in another man. She was head over heels in love with the new Doc. The only reason the narrator knew all this was because of all the gossip that goes around in this small-town. Jim Kendall found out about the love that Julie had for the Doc and that is when everything begins to heat up rather quickly. Jim saw Julie always walking by the Doc's office almost everyday just to see if he was in there.

Comapring Japan and Thailand essays

Comapring Japan and Thailand essays Thailand and Japan are two countries situated in the Australian, Asian and Pacific (A.A.P) region. There are many similarities and differences in their physical and human geographies. Japan is an archipelago of 3900 mountainous islands with a total land size of 377 835km2. Located in East Asia along the 'Pacific Ring of Fire' Japan ranges from North 50 30I to 210 and East 970 3I to 1030 3I. In contrast, Thailand is a larger country with a total landmass of 511 770km2. It is located in South East Asia on the Indo-China and Malayan peninsula. Thailands landmass ranges from 70 5I to 200 5I North and 970 to 105o 41 East. Thailand has a tropical climate that experiences monsoonal influences, whereas Japan has a diverse climate, ranging from sub-tropical in the south to alpine conditions on the elevated peaks. Japan has an aging population, which is twice the size of Thailand's. 90% of Japans 126 million people live on only 20% of its dry land. Dissimilarly, Thailands population is more ev enly spread with a distribution of 117 persons per km2. Japan is a More Developed country (M.D.C) with a GNP per capita of US$34 500, which makes it Asia most affluent country. Japan Economy relies on services and high technology industries. Thailand is a Less-Developed country (L.D.C) with a GNP per capita of US$8 800. Thailands population relies more on a subsistence way of life. In fact 75% of its inhabitants making their living from farming. Japan is an island archipelago with over 3900 islands. The four main islands, Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku stretch for over 3 800 kilometres. The country situated on the edge of large tectonic plates which are constantly moving providing an unpredictable countryside. The Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, Korea Strait and the East China Sea surround the Japanese archipelago. Unlike Japan, Thailand is not a group of islands, it is however a larger country with a land area of 511 770k...

How To Write Better Content In A Competitive Blog Niche

How To Write Better Content In A Competitive Blog Niche Earlier this year, we took a survey of you, dear users, and asked about some of your content marketing pain points. Here’s what you told us, in order, were the top three hand-wringing struggles for you: Finding enough time to create content. Planning that content. Creating really good content. I second these pain points; I’m with you. That third pain point is pretty wide open. What is really good content? Is it content you feel proud of? Content that performs well? Content that gets a lot of comments and engagement? Content that becomes an evergreen stalwart in your stable? Content you put a lot of work into? Content you learned from? In other words, how do you define â€Å"good content?† How To #Write Better Content In A Competitive #Blog Niche via @JulieNeidlingerDo You Want To Be Liked, Or Do You Want To Learn? Sometimes good content stems from rather bad content. When I studied art in college, I found that, at the end of college, I had come to view a piece of art as a success based on two things: Its likability. These are pieces that I liked, and/or viewers liked. They were visually pleasing in whatever niche they belonged in. For example, I used to do pet portraits for people. I didn’t always love the result in that after a while it felt like yet another dog painting. But, for the client, the likability was clearly there. Its teachability. There are pieces that I hated when I finished (if I finished them), or that took me a long time- sometimes years- to start to like. Yet I considered them a success because I learned something from doing them. Maybe I found a new way to handle a particular medium, or I discovered something about color and shadow. Whatever it was, the image itself didn’t tell the viewer what I learned, necessarily, so the teachability of a piece of art was generally something only I, the artist, could know was in play. I am often proud of pieces that others don’t care for, simply because I know what it taught me. Whee, do I have some uuugleee pieces of art. â€Å"Just light that match. Put it out of its misery.† But those flaming monstrosities taught me something useful and helped me make future likable pieces. I’m guessing, for the most part, that when you told us you wanted to write better  content, you were mainly talking about its likability. You want your audience to like it, talk about it, share it. But here’s the dangerous thing: You can consistently create good content (and good art) without learning anything new. And as a content marketer, failing to always keep learning means one day you are suddenly eons behind everyone else, even though things had been quite successful up to that point. By failing to learn, one day you are suddenly eons behind everyone else. #bloggingMy painting style has changed considerably from college, for example, but I know of another artist from the same background whose style has remained pretty much the same in the past twenty years. There’s nothing wrong with that; her art is quite popular with the public, has a loyal following, and it clearly hits the likability zone. Because her style hasn’t changed much, her audience knows exactly what to expect, and it is a profitable audience. Her art is easily identifiable and has helped establish a kind of creative â€Å"brand† for her. It’s admirable. But it can also be predictable, and tiring. If you hold teachability (i.e. learning from mistakes and taking creative risks) as an aspect of your definition of â€Å"good content†, you will likely see changes in what you create. You will see your audience fluctuate and see dips in your measurable numbers, but you will constantly be pressing into fresh water instead of the same pool. So. Do you want your content to be liked? Or do you want to learn? These two aren’t always exclusive of each other, but in quite a few situations, they are. I would posit that if you want to be a great content creator in the long haul, you have to sometimes give up on your content always being liked and accept the dogs that come from your pen. Those new dogs can teach you something. Sometimes, the best #ContentMarketing comes from your failures. Learn from them to improve.Once you are willing to take a leap and write outside of your current state of likability, you’re ready for the next step. Do You Remember To Look Up To Others? Our own Content Marketing Lead, Nathan, prefers a particular technique that requires a bit of online research to find the top performing content in your niche. â€Å"There are a few ways to write better content, but I only really use the skyscraper technique,†Ã‚  he’s told me, and it makes pretty good sense. As Garrett outlined on an earlier blog post, the skyscraper technique is, at its most basic, a three-step process: Find top performing content. Write  better content than the current top performers. Try to get a bunch of people to link to your new content. It’s the second step, I’m guessing, where the questions lie. How do you write  Ã¢â‚¬Å"better† content than someone else? As Garrett points out (and as I’ve mentioned before), you have to dissect the content. (Who knew dissection was such a thing for content marketers!) He suggests looking for: Average content length. Average number of images. Overall quality of content (rank from 1–10). Specific keywords/key-phrases used. You might also consider other more abstract aspects of the content as to what makes it a success, such as: Hierarchy:  Expert or beginner? Proximity: Did the content succeed because it was so dead-on accurate for a specific audience? Would that approach work as well for yours? Impact:  How did the content directly impact the reader’s life topically or anecdotally? Trendiness:  Is the content evergreen, or was it successful for a certain time frame only? Strangeness:  Is the content so unexpected that people are thrilled to see something new and unusual? Conflict:  Are there â€Å"warring factions† in the content, opposing ideas, and anything that stirs up passion and engagement? Humanity:  Is the content appealing because of its human interest component, stirring up empathy? Essentially, you are trying to figure out what makes a winning, popular, and successful piece of content tick. If it’s outside of your usual style or approach, this will be challenging. You’ll have to rethink why that piece of content is so good. One thing that’s important to note is that if you are trying to track and rate content, you are going to have to create standards (your own, or someone else’s recommendations) and assign numerical values for anything that is abstract in nature. For example, Garrett suggested you assign, on a scale of 1–10, a quality rank. Perhaps you define quality based on typos, grammar, whitespace, unique research, interviews, or some other characteristic. Whatever scale you use, and whatever standards you set for yourself, you will need to be consistent. Research what content already exists, then plan to #write something even better. Here's how.Once you figure out why a piece of content did so well for someone else (and you have concrete measurements even for the abstract), you can be that person who always has to top everyone  and who goes and writes even better content. Are You Always Scanning The Horizon? My first car was a Chrysler Plymouth Horizon, and if I wanted to get good radio reception, I had to roll down the front passenger window. Fine in the summer, excruciating in the winter. In order to bear the cold air, I had to turn up the heat. The heater fan was so loud, that I had to turn up the radio. It was a vicious cycle that meant, by the time I pulled into the yard on the drive home from school, I was one of those ridiculous people whose radio is so loud that all the plastic parts of the car are rattling. Take a look at this beauty. That is not the Horizon you should be on the lookout for. In the previous step, you were to look up to individual examples of top performing content, figure out why it was up there so high, and do your own version but better. Most bloggers have peaks and valleys of content success; you might have found a few one hit wonders in your skyscraper analysis. And then there are bloggers who are consistently creating good content. They might have had a few skyscraper pieces, but maybe not. What they generally have is authority, and authority is less susceptible to peaks and valleys, and more even-keeled. How do you become an authority on something? GEORGE: Wow, Keith Hernandez. He's such a great player. JERRY: Yeah, he's a real smart guy too. He's a Civil War buff. GEORGE: I'd love to be a Civil War buff. ... What do you have to do to be a buff? JERRY: So Biff wants to be a buff? ... Well sleeping less than 18 hours a day would be a start. - From Seinfeld â€Å"The Boyfriend (1)† There are people who are an authority, and there are people who call themselves an authority. There are some who might say that being an authority is more than just being an expert. An expert merely knows a lot, while an authority has the power to wield that expertise. Let’s take that approach, then, with the idea being that you first have to be an expert before you can be an authority. Becoming an expert. What does an expert look like to you? For me, it’s someone who: Has â€Å"paid their dues† and worked a long time at something. Has a broad variety of experiences in their niche, with lots of useful anecdotes to tell about them. Talks about what they’ve learned in a transparent way. Can show actual success and that they practice what they preach. Backs up their claims. Shares ideas, interpretations, facts, and knowledge that aren’t commonly found elsewhere. You can become an expert, then, by hard work, constant learning, willingness to make mistakes, and an openness to talking about what you’ve learned and what you’re still learning. Reading books, taking classes online, attending conferences, working a job where you gain experience, finding a mentor, teaching others so you learn as you teach, and having the patience to stick with it over time- this is how you build expertise. Becoming an authority. Being an authority is almost a state of being where people have given you permission to direct how they think. That sounds a bit creepy, but it’s not far off. You can holler and scream that you are an authority all you want, but if no one is listening to you, it’s clear you are not. How do you get people to give you permission to be an authority over them in your niche? Don’t be a jerk, but don’t be a doormat.  Have an opinion based in your expertise, and be willing to voice it. And then, if things go poorly... Take the high road.  Be willing to leave an ugly argument with respectful words and grace. Be an encourager, and be respectful.  Engage with people in an individual, helpful, and honest way. Don’t get a reputation for being a brash loudmouth who insults people. You might get fame, and you might get known, but you won’t really be an authority. Don’t chase after fame.  Using sketchy tactics to get momentary shares, attention, and fame is not the behavior of someone who is authority material, someone who is confident enough in their skills, patience, and ability. Be consistent. We are always preaching consistency and planning here at (hence the editorial calendar!), and consistency is part of being an authority. People trust the authority, and they build trust based on the sense that they know what to expect from you. Consistent content, social media presence, and engagement are crucial. Step out of the limelight.  Curation  is a powerful aspect of authority. It’s you, sharing and promoting the good work of others. It shows you’re not a glory hog, and that you’re not in it for yourself. Ask for help.  Reach out to other people and ask for their genuine  help or their opinion. It humanizes you. Be helpful first, self-promotional last.  How many times do you use the word â€Å"I† in your copy? Are you about you, or are you about others? This is a bit tricky. Authority isn’t necessarily being well-known (though it can be), but is that peculiar state where people stop and listen when you start to speak. If you want authority so bad you can taste it, chances are you won’t get it. Authority flows out of you having a genuine desire to be an expert and a genuine desire to use that expertise to help other people. How Will You Write Better Content To Stand Out From Your Competition? In summary, there are a million ways to approach the question, â€Å"How do I write better  content?†, but for this post, I wanted to give you a three-step personal assessment: Do you want to be liked, or do you want to learn? Do you know, and can you define, what successful content looks like? Have you put in the time to be an expert, and the personality to be an authority? There are so many great content creators out there. Which do you consider to be an authority, and why?

Analysis of Types of Cell Organelles Coursework

Analysis of Types of Cell Organelles - Coursework Example As they contain water, they are able to make sure that the latter possibility remains in effect. The cell wall is a tough and flexible layer that surrounds many types of cells. It can be found outside of the cell membrane and plays the part of acting like a "pressure vessel," being able to prevent the cell from over-expanding when water enters it. They are found in plants, algae, and fungi - many organisms that need water as a part of their growth. The cell wall also filters what enters and exits the cell. The cell membrane can be found between the cellular machinery inside the cell and the fluid that can be found outside of the cell. The cell membrane is a permeable lipid bilayer that can be found in all cells, in all types of organisms. The cell membrane acts as a type of skin, separating the intracellular components from the environment of the extracellular components. The cell membrane helps to add shape to the cell and aids in the forming of tissue. The nucleus is the DNA provider of eukaryotic cells; in fact, the foremost function of the nucleus is to control gene expression as well as the replication of DNA during cell cycles. The structure of the nucleus allows it to control what it needs to, yet keeps itself away from the rest of the cytoplasm where it sees fit. The nucleus also contains pores that allow free movement of molecules and ions that need to pass through. The structure of the Golgi apparatus, the organelle that helps to process proteins for secretion, contains numerous membrane-bound stacks that are known as cisternae. The purpose of the cisternae is to modify the contents that enter the organelle based on where they would reside within the cell or organism. Each stack of cisternae on the Golgi apparatus contains five functional regions, each one capable of selectively modifying the contents of the organism. The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein translation, the production, and storage of glycogen and steroids, transporting the proteins that are required within the cell, among many other functions. The structure of endoplasmic reticulum is made up of a number of cisternae, allowing the filtering of what goes inside the organelle and what is released.

Did asteroids kill the dinosaurs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Did asteroids kill the dinosaurs - Coursework Example Many scientists currently believe that a large asteroid impact caused such devastation on the planet that nearly all of the higher life forms, including the large dinosaurs, were killed off. This is evidenced by a large crater found outside of Chicxulub, Mexico, which is also known as the Yucatan crater because it is found at the end of the Yucatan peninsula. At first, however, the main source of evidence for this theory was the existence of a layer of irridium dust found in many places all over the planet. This element is not commonly found in large amounts on the Earth's surface, and its presence in a single band at a similar depth in a number of different soils could mean that a large asteroid containing irridium crashed into the Earth and scattered dust all over the planet (York 2006). When the Chicxulub crater was eventually found, it turned out to be an elongated crater from a hit that most likely involved a low angle of impact. This further supports the irridium evidence since the low angle of impact means that the asteroid would have basically exploded, sending its pieces flying, as well as throwing up a huge cloud of dust and debris (Hecht 1996). The asteroid theory states that the dinosaurs would have been killed as a result of this dust cloud. The dust cloud was so enormous as to have risen into the atmosphere and been swept around the planet by the circulating air currents. The sunlight would be blocked out by this dust cloud, reducing the ability of plants to photosynthesise and create energy off of which they could live. Since plants are at the bottom of nearly all of the food chains on Earth, without the energy provided to them through photosynthesis, animal life struggled to find enough food. Most of the dinosaur species were large and heavy, requiring huge amounts of plant life to support their energy needs; as the plants died out, so did the dinosaurs, leaving only the relatively much smaller mammals and birds. In addition, this cloud caused t he temperature all over the planet to drop, directly killing off many dinosaur species (York 2006). However, no actual physical evidence exists that the asteroid which struck at Chicxulub was responsible for those changes. The fossil record of that era is scarce, and some of what does exist suggests a much longer and drawn-out extinction event than is usually suggested with the asteroid extinction theory. This claim, though, is based on studies performed in the Far East, especially China, which is far from the suggested impact site. Perhaps the fossil record at this location suggests a slower extinction because it is far from the impact crater and so the climate changes and plant life die-off happened slower (Zhao et al. 2008). Climate change is another suggestion for what could have killed off the dinosaurs. Most dinosaurs were what is known as ecothermic reptiles, taking in their heat from the environment rather than making it themsevles as mammals and birds do. In addition to the direct effects of the temperature dropping, the climate change would also have affected plant life in the same way that climate change after the asteroid would have. However, the ultimate cause of this climate change, other than if it were caused by the

Twins Genetics Essay Example for Free

Twins Genetics Essay Introduction Twin pregnancies still face greatest challenges in obstetric care and fetal medicine today. Much is known about the diseases by studying the development of infants who have shared the same foetuses. Pregnancies occurring with twins have a higher incidence of preterm labour, miscarriage and fetal death when compared to single pregnancies. Non-identical twins (dizygous, binovular, fraternal, or dizygotic) result from the fertilization of two independently released ova by two different sperm. Their genetic makeup is as dissimilar as one would expect between siblings. All these twins possess separate amnion sac. Whereas, identical twins (monozygous, uniovular, monozygotic) arise from the splitting of a single fertilized egg within the first 14 days after fertilization. Monozygous twins, depending on the timing of embryonic cleavage, may be dichorionic diamniotic (d1–3), monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) (d3–8), monochorionic monoamniotic (d9–12), or conjoined, when cleavage of the embryo occurs on day 12 or beyond (Farah Siddiqui, 2007). Monozygotic twins although, considered genetically identical, but there may exist a significant phenotypic discordance especially in the psychiatric diseases like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.   (Mario F. Fraga, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The history behind using Twins to investigate the role of heredity and environment in human life heads back to 19th century. Francis Galton. Charles Darwin cousin was the first researcher to think of this. Since, then twins are been considered as aspects of study in biology, medicine and psychology. Galton thought that since twin pairs (both identical and non-identical) share the same environment, there will be greater coordination of the genetic factors in the disease in genetically identical twins compared to non identical twins. But, by contrast, similar coordination rates for a disease in twins pairs (both identical and non-identical), or differences between the identical twins, suggest that the disease is probably due to non-genetical factors. Twin studies have been many times used to estimate the impact of genetic factors on the disease cause. It is believed that a genetic effect is suggested when the concordinance rate is identical twins exceeds that in nonidentical twins. The concordinance rate in the both identical and nonidentical twins in population based studies suggested that in case of multiple sclerosis there is 27% occurrence compared of the latter which is 3%. Similarly, Rheumatoid arthritis occurrence in former in 12.3% compared to the latter which is 3.5%. Whereas in systemic lupus erythematosus the concordance rate in nonidentical twin was nil compared to the identical twin, where the rate were 33% (Marco Salvetti, 2000). Twin studies also have the possiblity of assesing other applications in the assessment of aspects of potential relevance in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. There are possible precipitating factors of autoimmune conditions that await definition including epigenetic effects due to DNA aor protein modifications, the accumulation of somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations, X chromosme incativation and the transcriptionally active endogeneous retroviral sequences presence (Marco Salvetti, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This contribution discusses the difference in the monozygous twins in which factors like the timings of monozygous twinning, linguistic differences and the genetic mechanism are discussed. There are many differences observed among twin pairs like mirror twinning, hair eye, and finger prints etc. without any known reasons or in other word we have very limited understanding of   why these kind of differences arises?. In case of mirror twinning almost 25% of twins have differences and most common is handedness where both twin used different hand for particular purpose. The difference due to any unknown mechanism is also included.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The biggest challenge faced by investigators for evaluating genetic basis of complex disease is to identify small number of genes responsible for disease among thousands of genes present in whole genome in addition to that environmental effect makes task more difficult. Thus development of ideal model system to investigate genetic basis of disease becomes primary requirements. In the following some of the case studies where twins were used as model system for explain genetic bases of diseases are discussed including factors like immunity, leukemia, infectious and autoimmune diseases.    A `corpus`    Mechanisms for differences in monozygous twins:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In general perception Monozygous (MZ) twins are physically and genetically identical. Similarly, clinical determination of zygosity relies on the assumption that any physical differences between a pair of twins imply they are dizygous. As per the other perception dizygous twins share approximately 50% of the same genes, whereas monozygous twins share 100%. But advancement in molecular techniques and understanding of genetics of twins puts several question marks on above mention perception as there are many exception regarding genetic composition and physical appearance of mono and dizygotic twins. There are many numbers of intrauterine effects and other mechanisms that may result in phenotypic, genotypic, and epigenetic differences between monozygous twins. Some of those mechanisms are as follows. Timing of monozygous twinning:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monozygous (MZ) twinning occurs when single fertilized egg give rise to two separate embryos and timing of this separation decides the post zygotic differences in upcoming twins. As early the separation there will be less similarity and late the separation there will be more similarity. During development if the two embryos are separated at latter part most of the differentiation processes completed before they separate and hence both offspring have similar origin. The extreme example of late twining is twins having common somatic organ (Conjoined twins). While in case of early separation the process of differentiation occurs independently which leads to creation of differences among of springs. If twining occurs 8 days after the fertilization and before 12th day the twins are quite identical to each other and called as monozygotic twins comprises of almost 5% of total twins. Genetic mechanisms:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     It is widely believed that monozygotic twins are genetically identical and any differences among them are result of environmental influence. But there is an ever-growing body of evidence that monozygotic twins are not always genetically identical. A number of phenotypic variations in monozygotic twins have been demonstrated to be caused by genetic differences alone and not influence by ante-natal environmental factors. In addition epigenetic modifications in particular sets of gene within a monozygotic twin pair leads to altered expression and hence contribute towards differences. (Paul Gringrasa, 2001). Genetically monozygotic twins can be different at the level of chromosome (number or morphology of chromosome) or DNA (mutation, epigenetic modification). At chromosome level variation classical example is gender difference and certain diseases like Turner syndrome (XYY) this is mainly happened due to early post zygotic mitotic error, resulting in heterokaryotic twining that involves nondisjunction or anaphase lag of the Y chromosome. While at DNA level there are mainly three mechanisms by which differences arises for example differential methylation of CpG island leads to inactivation or activation of particular gene and which contribute in causing differences among monozygotic twins. Not only that, this process of methylation is key factor for inactivation of whole X chromosome and many X-linked diseases like fragile-X, colour blindness, are result of this inactivation. Similarly post zygotic mutation leads to emergence of differences among monozygotic twins. Differences due to some unknown mechanism:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many differences observed among twin pairs like mirror twinning, hair eye, and finger prints etc. without any known reasons or in other words we have very limited understanding of why these kinds of differences arises? In case of mirror twinning almost 25% of twins have differences and most common is handedness where both twin used different hand for particular purpose. The reason behind this was thought to be due to asymmetry of cerebral hemisphere dominance. Similarly, hair and eye colour were know to be the identification mark for dizygotic twins but now it was realized the there are many instances where the differences were observed in MZ too. The reason behind these differences are not well understood and thought to be due to complex genetic interaction and post zygotic mutation. Linguistic differences:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Twin based heritability estimates for language rarely exceeds 0.6 and for monozygotic twins in many instances they were found to be very different. In addition to that it was found that MZ are more likely to suffer linguistic delay and impairment than singletons. There are many factors which affect or create these differences like genetic, epigenetic and prenatal environmental factors. Meta-analyzed data from almost 100 twin studies indicate that depending on what aspect of language is assessed, heritable factors account for between 1/2 to 2/3’s of the variance in language- impaired twins’ linguistic abilities and 1/4 to 1/2 of the variance in normal twins’ linguistic abilities. These meta-analyses also reveal that for both languages impaired and normal twins (Stromswold, 2006). The major contributory factors among perinatal environmental conditions are low birth weight, premature birth, Placental and amniotic complications, Intrauterine infections, neonatal hyperbilirubinea, brain injuries to language area etc. similarly post natal factors includes language input, parental role etc. There are no well documented genetic factors influencing the language in isolation and always studied in light of environmental influence. Twins and genetics and diseases:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The biggest challenge faced by investigators for evaluating genetic basis of complex disease is to identify small number of genes responsible for disease among thousands of genes present in whole genome in addition to that environmental effect makes task more difficult. Thus development of ideal model system to investigate genetic basis of disease becomes primary requirements. The study of twins become central stage for this kind of investigation for example in case of non-identical twins   there are some   similarity like age, family environment and background environmental variation while they have different genetic makeup, Provides excellent tool to determined effect of genetic makeup on diseases. While in case of identical twins, similarity in genetic makeup provides researchers with ways to isolate the function of individual genes involved in disease together with approaches to understanding how genes and the environment interact. Followings are some of the case studies where twins were used as model system for explain genetic bases of diseases. (Alex J. MacGregor, 2000) Twins and immunity:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Immunological disorders are some of the widely observed phenomenon and almost 5% of total population is suffering from these disorders, including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), multiple sclerosis (MS), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and coeliac disease. Strong correlation between genetic makeup and immunological disorder were established based on various twins’ studies. Here in this particular case the complexity of disease and involvement of genetic as well as environmental factors makes twin studies a right system for investigation where investigators can fix one parameter (genetic makeup in case of identical twins) and other variable to evaluate effect of other factor (i.e. environment). Initially genetic and environmental factors are both thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases. But after employment of twins based study strongly rejected the above argument and clearly demonstrated that environment is the major contributor towards immune disease. Twins study demonstrated that the majority of identical twins with an autoimmune disease have an unaffected twin (Table 1). Table 1. Concordance rates in identical and non-identical twin pairs in population-based  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies of immune-mediated diseases Disease Identical twin pairs (%) Non Identical twin pairs MS 26.7 3.5 RA 12.3 3.5 IDDM 13 2.5 SLE 33 0 (Marco Salvetti, 2000) In some cases initially unaffected twin may develop the clinical disease some years after the index twin, but that was not statistically significant. As the majority remain unaffected on prospective study. But one should remember that even identical twins can differ genetically for example X-chromosome inactivation in females. And differential methylation of CpG Island leads to expression of entirely different sets of genes. Similarly there are several somatic rearrangement occurred during T cell receptor development and antibody production and thus differential disease susceptibility in identical twins may be due to effect of non genetic (epigenetic) factor on genetic. Similarly, one should note the fact that observed frequency of particular disease (table1) found to be more in case of identical twins compared to non identical twins clearly indicates role of genetic factor. In conclusion for immune diseases environmental factors play major role in light of genetic background. Twins and Leukemia:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first report of concordant leukemia in twin children appeared in the German literature in 1882 and then after many reports came in similar lines, Most of these studies indicated that there is almost 5-15% concordance rate among monozygotic twins and there are significant differences observed in case of different type of leukemia and age. But surprisingly in case of adult twins the concordant was found to be less than 1% which clearly indicated prenatal origin of disease. The risk estimation of likelihoods of occurrence of disease in co twin is not quite accurate but they can be consider as reasonable guide and approaching 100% for infant while risk of the order of 1 in 10 for older children. This estimation is valid for monozygotic twins and those who have monochrorionic placenta. (Mel F. Greaves, 2003) Twins and infectious diseases:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several observations that clearly indicate infectious diseases have an inherited element, and individuals respond differently to particular infections. The behavior of infectious agents can vary so greatly between strains that the effects of individual Variation are best seen when the same strain of an organism simultaneously infects previously unexposed individuals. Twin studies have compared the disease status among identical and non-identical twins, with the expectation that disease concordance will be higher in identical twins for a disease with a genetically determined component. (Table 3). Even though there are numerous studies carried out to identify major gene responsible for diseases susceptibility there was no clear picture appears for the same.   The major contribution for diffrential suceptibility of infectious disease came for variation in HLA (major histocompatibility complex), T cell recptor and diffrential V-D-J recombination among twins. The environmental factor here   played very crucial role. Table: 3 Table depicting the concordance of disease percentage in both Monozygotic and Dizygotic   twins, accordance to the country. (Hill, 2001)    Disease Concordance* Country MZ (%) DZ (%) Tuberculosis    Germany USA UK 65 62 32 25 18 14 Leprosy India 52 22 Poliomyelitis USA 36    6 Hepatitis B Taiwan 35 4 Possibility of twins having twins:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Birth of Identical or monozygotic twins dose not run in to the family but non identical of dizygotic twins have some heridetory influence. The main reason behind this is monozygotic twins are developed from single fertilized egg while non identical twins develop from two egges shed by ovary. The process of egg shedding have genetic manifestation and observed in woman having family history of twins.In conclusion, a mother of fraternal twins is 3-4 times more likely to have another set of fraternal twins. A woman who is an identical twin is no more likely to have twins compared to someone else expecting. Conclusion:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Twins were consider to be an ideal model system to understand influence of genetic and environmental factors on various aspect of human life including diseases susceptibility, metabolism, social behavior, IQ, personality, linguistic proficiency, Behavior etc. But the biggest challenges were to understand influence of individual factors on overall development of twins. In ideal condition MZ twins considered to be genetically and physiologically identical but there are many exceptions and that is mainly Due to post zygotic mutation and epigenetic influence along with well studied environmental factors. Similarly Immunity and disease susceptibility is mainly influence by environment and partly by genetic factor. For certain diseases like cancer, preventive measures should be taken in case of one of the twin diagnosed with disease, as chances of emergence of same disease in co-twin are high.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the potential of twin studies is to be realized there should be strong collaboration between clinician, scientist and data management agency. Till recent past the main emphasis were given to genetic and environmental factors for any differences among twins. But development of newer technology based on molecular biology changes our perceptions. The epigenetic factors emerge as key contributor towards onset of physiological changes among twins at old age. Careful investigation along with new technology makes twin studies more useful with conclusive answer of various problems. Bibliography Alex J. MacGregor, H. S. (2000). novel uses to study complex traits and genetic diseases. TRENDS IN GENETICS , 131-134. Farah Siddiqui, A. M. (2007). Twins. OBDTETRICS, GYNAECOLGY AND REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE, 289-295. Hill, G. S. (2001). GENETICS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASE. NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS , 967-977. Marco Salvetti, G. R. (2000). Twins: mirrors of the immune system. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY . Mario F. Fraga*, E. B. (2004). Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime. PROCEEDING OF NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES , 10604-10609. Mel F. Greaves, A. T. (2003). Leukemia in twins: lessons in natural history. BLOOD , 2321-2331. Paul Gringrasa, ,. W. (2001). Mechanisms for differences in monozygous twins. EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, 105-117. Stromswold, K. (2006). Why aren’t identical twins linguistically identical? Genetic, prenatal and postnatal factors. COGNITION , 333-386.

Zara Fashion :: essays research papers

ZARA Fashion 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With which of the international competitors listed in the case is it most interesting to compare Inditexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial results? Why? What do comparisons indicate about Inditexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s relative operating economics? Its relative capital efficiency? Note that while the electronic version of Exhibit 6 automates some of the comparisons, you will probably want to dig further into them? The four companies shown above have very different business models. Inditex owned much of the production and most of its stores. Inditex is thus a vertically integrated company. This made Inditex gain a competitive advantage, which is quick response to the market requirements. On the other hand, The Gap and H&M have a different business model. They owned most of the stores, but outsourced all the production. Benetton had a third business model. It invested heavily in the production, but licensees ran its stores. The most interesting company to compare Inditex is The Gap. Although The Gap has much higher revenues than Inditex (almost five times Inditex), it incurred a net loss, as opposed to Inditex, which achieved a 23%, return in investment. This is due to the extremely high costs of good sold for The Gap. This could be caused -at least partially- by the complete outsourcing of the production. They do not have enough control over the production costs. Although The Gap has larger market share than Inditex and has equity almost double that of Inditex, Inditex is much more profitable. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2) How specifically do the distinctive features of Zaraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business model affect its operating economics? Specifically, compare Zara with an average retailer with similar posted prices. In convenient to assume that on average, retail selling prices are about twice as high as manufacturersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ selling prices. Zara sources fabric, other inputs, and finished products from external suppliers. It has purchasing offices in Barcelona and Hong Kong. This gives Zara a competitive advantage towards the costs of goods sold, as it can purchase from both Europe and Asia according to prices. Buying more from China in the future might reduce even more the costs of goods sold. Inditex fully owns Comditel that managed dyeing, patterning and finishing of grey fabric of Inditexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s chains, and supplied finished fabric to external as well as in-house manufacturers. This gave Zara further competitive advantage, in terms of both cost and control. Inditex also fully owned 20 factories for internal manufacture. These factories apply just-in-time production (JIT). Again, this gave Zara further competitive advantage, in terms of both cost and control.

Marriage versus living together Essay

Marriage is considered to improve well- being and the health of the world’s population. Findings from researches indicate that, in general, married couples are healthier physically, happier, experience better mental health, live longer, feel more contented and rarely suffer from physical abuse (McGowan, 2006). However, impacts of living together before legal marriage which is known as premarital cohabiting are very detrimental. Cohabiting is associated with increased aggression and conflict thus increasing the probability of separation in later marriages. It is noted that direct negative effect is created by living in pre marital union on later marital stability whereby living together before marriage undermines the legality of formal marriages thus reducing the required marriage commitment. This results to shifting from one partner to another by cohabitants seeking for the ‘right partner thus an average cohabitant is considered in a lifetime to have several partners. Young people nowadays consider living together then marrying later instead of marring then live together (McGowan, 2006). It is noted that most of the people who decide to live together before marriage their communication skills with each other are very poor which most likely leads to separation. This is as a result of failure for the partners to discuss their concerns or personal problems since they don’t feel that their partner has a right to hear about them or it’s none of their business. In marriage, your partners concerns and problems are yours too hence the relationship is strengthened through effective communication. The reason why conflicts are difficult to resolve in people cohabiting is that, they try to use a kiss or hug instead of establishing the capacity to talk through them. Marriages are considered to be held together through trust, openness, spiritual intimacy, true friendship, and honesty which need effort and to stand the test of time in order to develop. Extra marital affairs are more likely to increase in people who cohabit before marriage. Premarital behaviour and attitudes concerned with sex continue even in marriage whereby the probability of partners cheating in marriage is high if they used to live together before marriage (McGowan, 2006). The reason behind it is that, cohabiting is not founded on lasting relationship but it is based on momentary romance. Romance without relationship is known as the brief most excellent encounter. However, marriage has excellent relationships built upon enjoying and knowing each ones partner not only on sexual but also on recreational, social, divine, openness and intellectual levels. This explains why always married partners have higher levels of loyalty regarding to faithfulness in marriage. Cohabiting is considered as a private business founded on an emotional bond whereby there is no hope for the future, no public obligation and no official decree of responsibility and love. The partners stay together so long as their self driven interests are met in the relationship otherwise the obligation of the relationship is a month to month leasing contract and one can quit anytime. On the other hand, marriage is more than a love agreement (McGowan, 2006). Marriage encompasses societal and legal responsibilities thus it’s a public event. It unites not only two people but also families and communities. That is the reason all newlyweds vow â€Å"till death do us part†. In summary, cohabiting is a marriage of convenience which can be disposed any time. Married couples have marriage of commitment which never comes to an end regardless of challenges experienced. Work cited McGowan, J. (2006). Marriage versus Living Together. USA: Oxford University Press.

What Is the Real Deal with Adhd? – Paper

paper What is the real deal with ADHD? Temple N. Bostic PSY 360: Survey of Mental Health Destiny Champion November 4, 2012 Abstract Many children today are beginning to fall under an umbrella or diagnosis of ADHD that tends to be the ’in’ thing for doctors to say is wrong with them. If a child is a little hyper or of task for any reason, they are said to have ADHD. Regardless of the underlying problems such as issues in the home, these children are placed on medication that many of them do not need, for a condition that the majority of them do not have.At first it was just ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder), but then they added the hyperactivity to it and everyone ran with it. That is not to say that there are not some children in the world that are truly suffering from this disorder, but the fact remains that those who are being medicated should be watched and monitored just a little more closely. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate the knowledge that I have lear ned from this course as well as life lessons. When you sum it all up, everyone wants to know: What is the real deal with ADHD?What is the real deal with ADHD? The children of today’s era are afflicted with many different mental health issues that can cause problem within the family and at school. Regardless of the fact that some of these issues are a direct result from the life they are living at home or the rearing they had, it is the determination of how the problem will be addressed that is the factor of the environment. Some children are born with mental disabilities, while some have the traits that come out at a certain point in their childhood.Regardless of when mental illness rears its head or the type it is, the fact is that they receive the proper treatment and counseling for the particular problem that they have. In the late 80’s, the diagnosis of ADD came on the scene to answer to the problems that children were having regarding their attentiveness in school as well as at home. Attention Deficit Disorder is characterized by inattentiveness, easy distractibility and often insomnia. While ADHD has the same symptoms with the addition of hyperactivity, ADD is the original diagnosis.ADHD did not begin its reign until the mid 90’s when children began to show the symptoms of ADD, but with hyperactivity. Once this was taken into consideration and fully analyzed, ADHD was born and hit the diagnosis airwaves. Many people think that only children receive the diagnosis of ADHD, but in all actuality there are just as many adults that suffer from this disorder as well. Adult ADHD can be just as difficult as it is for the younger clients.As an adult, there are the issues of trying to focus on the daily tasks of work, home and even family; this can become very trying when you are easily distracted, hyperactive at the wrong times and very inattentive. Some young people even carry the disorder from their teenage years into adulthood, when for som e it usually begins to taper off or go away. References Hammerness, P. , Geller, D. , Petty, C. , Lamb, A. , Bristol, E. , Biedermont, J. (2010) Does ADHD moderate the manifestation of anxiety disorders in children?Hurtig, T. , Ebeling, H. , Taanila, A. (2007) ADHD and co morbid disorders in relation to family environment and symptom severity. Rucklidge, J. J. (2008) Gender differences in ADHD: Implications for psychosocial treatment. Ohan, J. L. , Johnston, C. (2007) What is the social impact of ADHD in girls? : A multi-method assessment. Woodard, R. (2006) The diagnosis and medical treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents in primary care: A practical guide. Paloyelis, Y. , Rijsdijk, F. , Wood, A. C. , Asherson, P. , Kuntsi, J. 2010) The Genetic Association Between ADHD Symptoms and Reading Difficulties: The Role of Inattentiveness and IQ. dosReis, S. , Barksdale, C. L. , Sherman, A. , Maloney, K. , Charach, A. (2010) Stigmatizing Experiences of Parents of Children With a New Diagnosis of ADHD. Spencer, S. V. , Hawk Jr. , L. W. , Richards, J. B. , Shiels, K. , Pelham Jr. , W. E. , Waxmonsky, J. G. (2009) Stimulant Treatment Reduces Lapses in Attention among Children with ADHD: The Effects of Methylphenidate on Intra-Individual Response Time Distributions.

Using Press Releases . . . to Find Work

Using Press Releases . . . to Find Work Ever wonder where some authors get their ideas to pitch to magazines, blogs, and online sites? I rarely hear of this trick being used anymore, but I consider it a tried and true habit that will land you article after article in your freelance career. Read press releases. We hear about creating press releases, but we never hear about reading other press releases. But each and every morning, when you sit down to your computer and report to work, all you have to do is open your email to the press release services youve signed up for, and the ideas come bubbling out.   How do you sign up for press releases? You go to the same places youd post a press release: www.prnewswire.com   www.prweb.com www.pr.com www.ereleases.com www.24-7pressrelease.com   www.newswire.com You can also find press releases at: Tourism sites (state, city, regions) Government sites (FBI, USDA, IRS, State Dept) International sites (European Union, the UN, NATO) Corporate sites (Microsoft, Apple) University sites I pulled a random one off a site to set an example: Ylang Ylang Beach Resort Joins Home Country of Costa Rica in Participating in International Day of Yoga pr.com/press-release/676097 From that one press release, in seconds, I thought of five story ideas for publications. Topics about International Yoga Day, practicing yoga on vacation, Costa Rica holidays, a profile of the resorts owner and her affiliation with yoga, retreats that specialize in yoga. I once met a freelance writer who opened her day reading press releases then pitching magazines . . . and that was her full-time living. Sounds so uncomplicated, doesnt it?

Definition and Exampes in English Grammar

Definition and Exampes in English Grammar A diminutive is a word form or suffix that indicates smallness. Also called  hypocoristic. In his Dictionary of English Grammar (2000), R.L. Trask points out that the English language usually forms diminutives by suffixing -y or -ie, often to a reduced form of the source word, as in hanky for a handkerchief, doggie for dog and Tommie for Thomas. But we also use -ette, as in statuette and kitchenette. Other examples of diminutives include  booklet, a small book; circlet, a small circle; duckling, a young duck; hillock  a small hill; novelette, a short novel; wavelet, a ripple or small wave; rivulet, a small brook or stream; gosling, a young goose; coronet, a small crown; eyelet, a small hole; and  droplet, a tiny drop. Etymology From the Latin deminut, to lessen Example My parents named me William, but my friends call me Billy or just Bill. Except for one aunt who calls me Willy. Diminutive Derivation [I]n English, productive diminutive derivation hardly exists at all, despite the existence of isolated baby forms such as handies, doggie or birdie (one can say girlie but not *mannie, auntie but not *unclie, horsie but not *goatie, and so on. The Trick of Shrinking A charming trick almost every language has is the shrinking of someone or something you like by the use of diminutives. The diminutive of Charles is Charlie. The diminutive of William is Billy. The diminutive of star is starlet. The diminutive of pig is piglet. The Olympics of diminutives is won hands-down by the Italians, who have literally dozens of different forms of the diminutive, each conveying its own special nuance of feeling for the noun undergoing the shrinking. A Borrowed Italian Diminutive The food is so good because the ingredients are excellent, like the bread that is made especially for ino at Blue Ribbon Bakery down the block. But ino, a word ending that is an all-purpose Italian diminutive, also offers a European-style warmth. Contrasting Attitudes Toward Diminutives Traditionally, the term diminutive has been used to refer to words which denote smallness and possibly also expressing an attitude. The expressed attitude can be either positive or negative, i.e. either affectionate or derogatory, depending on the specific interplay of linguistic and situational factors in a given context. Diminutives are titles of endearment. Dr. Johnson calling Goldsmith Goldy did equal honor to both. Fanny is a patronizing diminutive. It makes the author [Frances Burney] sound the harmless, childish, priggish girl-woman that many critics want her to beas if the heroine of Mansfield Park has set up as a novelist. Let her have an adult full name. Pronunciation di-MIN-you-tif Sources David Klass,  You Dont Know Me. Square Fish, 2001 Anna Wierzbicka,  Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: The Semantics of Human Interaction. Walter de Gruyter, 1991 (Barry Farber,  How to Learn Any Language. Citadel, 1991 Eric Asimov, An Italian Sandwich Shop That Takes the Diminutive.  The New York Times, February 10, 1999 Margaret Anne Doody,  Frances Burney: The Life in the Works. Rutgers University Press, 1988

Critiques or responds to general issues in business ethics Term Paper

Critiques or responds to general issues in business ethics - Term Paper Example There are a number of ethical issues which surround the advertising concerns. This is because advertising allows the masses to choose for their own selves the different products and services that are offered by the organizations. Now it is up to these organizations how well they enact measures and campaigns to sell their products and services to the end customers. It would be incorrect to state that all advertising is unethical, yet there are more chances that advertising will fox the people rather than being forthright in its dealings. This is because in the competitive world of today, it is important for the brands to make their cut, and this can only be done if there are whole-hearted efforts put in by the organizations to coin strategies and campaigns which will bring about the advertising for such products and services. The ethical debates are significant to understand because these will present forward the strengths that exist within the advertising circles and the grey areas w hich need to be plugged in essence. However, for the sake of discussion here, there is a fine line between the morally correct domains and the inadvertently wrong ideologies that are being propagated by the organizations as they aim to sell their respective goods across the board, either to the masses or to a selected audience. What remains most essential here is to gain an insight as to how this advertising is coming about – either in an ethical format or the complete lack thereof. This paper shall study the basis of business ethics within the realms of advertising and how certain target groups are more susceptible to advertising than others. The ethical issues that surround advertising include the fact that there are certain target audiences which are not apt and in line with the advertising that is being propagated today. This means that these people will take the opposite view which is not sent towards them, or is misunderstood on some occasions. What remains to be unders tood is how these people shall be targeted if the same methodology is not proving successful. The answer to this question lies in the dictum that advertising should be such that will cater to a select target audience while not relying on the other(s). This is true in the case of cigarette advertising where the smokers are properly advertised the message of the cigarette manufacturing company while the aspiring ones do not fall within the same limits of advertising (Phillips, 1997). Such issues also fall under the aegis of advertising which is done for the sake of the children. If they get the message wrongly, their impressionable minds get a message which is not intended for them in the first place. Thus what is required here is a vision to set things right and that too within the corrective realms of being ethical all the way. If these aspects are not adhered to, then there would be significant issues in the wake of properly reaching out to the relevant target groups, and there wou ld be a lot of wastage within the advertising quarters. The ethical dilemmas in advertising arise when one set of audience is geared to receive the benefits of advertising while the other does not get into the details at all. These could be possible within the same society as well, which is all the more understandable considering there are many factions, groups and segments within a target audience spanning a country or a region for that matter. The ethical dilemmas within the advertising realms is simply getting to the people without even letting the other group know what kind of advertising the former is getting. This is a contrasting instance but then again, proper planning and foresight need to be in line with achieving the results that one can think of the advertising circles in this day and age. The manner in which these ethical dilemmas in advertising are resolved is something that makes it all the more significant. If these ethical problems are not understood properly by the

WAL-MART ORGANIZATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WAL-MART ORGANIZATION - Essay Example Nevertheless, history has a different story in the waves the organization has had to face on the way to today’s position as a global player. The organization internal environment business model is based on value proposition, which rides of offering everyday low price. Distribution efforts in the organization are effectively planned to have the organization have direct contact with customers through media adverts as well as through such cheap means as internet. The organization has also effective customer relations through self-service as well as automated services for efficiency and effectiveness. It highly esteems basic resources spanning from the physical ones including logistics and physical stores, human resources as well as the organizational culture. The organization acknowledges the role of the forces of internal as well as external business environments in shaping the success of the business. Despite the internal organizational structure, the organization holds own emp loyees with esteem as critical part of the internal environment of the organization. Competition as an external factor has continuously influenced the operations of the organization with special attention being taken for the sake of monitoring and keeping pace with competitive developments in the industry (Davis, 2007). Among other notable strengths of Wal-Mart organization are growth and high returns through customer satisfaction, creating profits as well as enhancing value for shareholders. The capacity of the organization to expand continuously into new markets and opening new stores, integrating new online channels as well as upholding great success in innovation and... The great vision and dedication of the top management of the Wal-Mart organization ever since its establishment has been acknowledged to play a critical role in the success of the organization. Leadership has been seen to play a great role in the performance of the organization despite the competition pressures that have been pointed out to form the basis of derailing the organization from realizing the guiding mission. This would form my basis of recommendation to the management of the organization. Competition has become quite dynamic in almost all aspects of business dealings and no one business or industry is immune to the challenge. In this understanding, adoption of rather dynamic management practices is inevitable for an organization to keep pace with the global trends. Adoption of centralized inventory system through which management of the various chain stores of the organization is inevitable in order to have the organization realizes the strategic objectives and goals. I p ropose to the owner of Wal-Mart to uphold high levels of innovation and creativity in management practices in order to cut on the rising costs and command a competitive niche through continuously offering lower prices. This is because other competitors in the industry would rise in competition through exploiting these competitive niches while the Wal-Mart organization does not.

P-2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

P-2 - Coursework Example This research essay will analyse in detail whether the three-strike law really minimize crimes in U.S.A in detail. As per King and Mauer (2001), three-strike laws are sentencing laws that inflict exceptionally longer imprisonments for frequent offenders, particularly after their two earlier felonies. Under an incapacitative justification, three –strike laws are championed since it is debated that repeat lawbreakers are more probable to unleash future felonies and hence, they should be given longer period sentence. Three-strike laws or habitual offender laws are in existence as of date almost in more than half of the all states in U.S but only a selected state like California , have regulations that impinge on a large number of frequent offenders .(Pollock 2011,p.322). This research essay will make a research into whether three-strike laws have really minimized felonies and crimes in U.S.A and whether longer punishment for habitual offenders has yielded any reduction crime rates in U.S.A in an in-depth manner. The main objective of three-strike law is to minimize the crime rates by locking up regular and career criminals. When if one is convicted for a second term for a felony , his imprisonment would be doubled under the 1994 California three-strike law and in case of a third felony sentence, there would be a mandatory conviction of twenty-five years to life. Over the years, only California State in U.S.A is having such harsh law for habitual offenders. The supporters of three-strike law like Bill Jones cited that there was a dramatic fall in the crime rate immediately after the introduction of three-strike laws during the 1990s. (â€Å"Babbie, 2012, p376†). According to opponents, California three-strike law is a bad policy both under ethical and practical reasons. Critics argue that California’s three-strike laws imprison those offenders who already crossed their crime-prone age and also punish non-violent criminals by awarding longer

International Operation Strategy of Eucerin: SWOT

International Operation Strategy of Eucerin: SWOT Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background The use of cosmetics was over thousands of years. The earliest archaeological evidence can be traced back to some royalty in Ancient Egypt times, where the Ancient Egyptians mixed perfume, sandalwood incense and aromatherapy products with oil applied to human bodies for pilgrimages or as an antiseptic. The Ancient Greeks and Romans also used cosmetics containing often lead and mercury. In the West, the popularization of cosmetics usage began in the 17th century and was originally intended to cover face scars of female patients healed from smallpox. In the19th Century, Queen Victoria once declared publicly that the use of makeup was â€Å"improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors†. Nevertheless, by the Second World War, cosmetics have been widely used in the West (except Nazi Germany). Today, the worldwide market size for Beauty and Personal Care Industry (BPC Industry) has increased 36% during 2005-2010 and reached USD 382.3 billion last year.Despite the significant influence of global economic recession in the year of 2009, BPC industry still showed stable and continuous growth in certain regions with emerging markets, particularly in Asia Pacific and Latin America. It is forecasted that these two dynamic regions will drive the BPC future global sales and become equally the joint largest market (with Western Europe) by 2014. Figure 1 and 2 below shows the global and regional market value of BPC industry during 2005 to 2010. Cosmetics industry, also called Personal Care Products Industry, Cosmetics and Toiletries Industry, Health and Beauty Industry, or Beauty and Personal Care Industry in this paper, in which companies manufacture and/or market personal care products such as creams, lotions, perfumes or makeup, covers a fully 13 key sub-sectors (Fig. 3). Recent reports show that Skin Care is the largest sector in the BPC industry (Fig. 4). It is predicted that in 2014, Skin Care, together with Hair Care, Colour Cosmetics and Fragrances sector will become the principle contributors to global BPC sales value growth due to the booming market in Asia Pacific. In Asia Pacific region, China represents today one of the most important and attractive BPC markets in the world due to its huge population, the increasing purchasing power of consumer and a better awareness of fashion among the younger generation. According to National Bureau of Statistics of China, the retail value of Chinese BPC products reached RMB 133.24 billion (proximately USD 20.51 billion) in 2010 with a 11.4% nominal growth compared to 2009. The total Chinese BPC market value is expected to reach as much as RMB 206 billion (proximately USD 31.7 billion) by 2014. However, in spite of this rising trend, industry players talked about that the increasing costs such as rental, labour, logistic and advertisement has given heavy pressure on cosmetics companies particularly those who had poorer brand equity were losing their profit margin. 1.2 Research Motivation Funded by Dr. Lifschà ¼tz in 1900, Eucerin ® is now Germanys largest and worlds 4th leading dermo-cosmetics brand in pharmacy segment in Skin Care industry. Belonging to famous German Group Beiersdorf AG, Eucerin sees itself as a â€Å"dermatologist-recommended skin care brand† that provides reliable, high quality and effective dermo-cosmetic products and expertise. Currently, Eucerin provides skin care products that are catalogued in 4 major lines: Face Care, Sensitive Skin Care, Dry Skin Care (medical products) and Sun Protection. Each line contains quite a few sub-lines that are assorted either by skin types / products functions (pure, dry, very dry, problematic, sensitive skin, etc.) or by products application places of the skin (face, body, deodorant, hair, etc.). While Eucerin firstly entered into Asian BPC markets in 1991 and quickly built its brand awareness and popularity among the world of pharmacy skin care products in Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore and Malaysia, in China, however, it has being constantly a big â€Å"missing piece† to complete its global share of market. As Chinas BPC market size is currently rated in the 3rd position after the US and Japan and is still possessing enormous growth potential (12% market growth is expected during 2011 to 2014), and the Skin Care segment is the primary driver for BPC market, it is for Eucerins greatest interest and challenge how to exceed existing international and local skin care competitors to complete its global entire territory. 1.3 Research Scope and Objectives The purpose of this study is therefore attempting to assess and analyse the international operation strategy of Eucerin. Through the SWOT analysis, identify and highlight the key internal and external factors of corporate ongoing strategic planning, gaining an in-depth understanding of the companys strategic operational issues, critical success factors, emerging market opportunities and future marketing challenges and trends. The research scope covers issues including the study of BPC and dermo-cosmetics industry: market sales, market share, Chinese cosmetic market regulations, marketing strategy of Eucerin: marketing segmentations, positioning, and Chinese consumer behaviours. 1.4 Research Process and Chapter Structure The process of this research is approximately composed eight stages summarized as figure 6 underneath. By the case study of Eucerin a Beiersdorf owned dermo-cosmetics brand of BPC Industry, through the literature review, SWOT and critical success factors analysis, attempting to analyse, assess and obtain an embedded understanding of the companys strategic operational issues and its future marketing challenges and trends in Chinese BPC market. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Beauty and Personal Care Industry The global Beauty and Personal Care market (BPC market), also called Cosmetics and Toiletries market has generated total revenues of US$ 382.3 billion in 2010, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 36% for the period 2005-2010. By comparison, markets of Asia Pacific, Western Europe and North America brought out 70% of global BPC market in 2010 (Fig. 8). Most interestingly, both Western Europe and North Americas BPC markets has witnessed the economic recession, showed a negative growth in 2009 and decelerated performance afterward, while markets in Asia Pacific and Latin America, sales growth continue and for the first time the BPC market of Asia Pacific region (mainly referable to China) overtook the first position of global BPC market (Fig. 9). 2.1.1 Market Segmentation and Differentiations BPC products cover all daily personal care cosmetics such as makeup, nail polishes, hair sprays, hair colours, creams, lotions, perfumes, deodorants, shower and bath gel, bath salts, and lots of other product types. The market can be sorted into a completed 13 key sub-sectors scope as we have mentioned earlier (Fig. 10). Skin Care segment is the leading category that generates 22% of worldwide BPC market due to Asia Pacifics booming sales, the rising demand of anti-age products also conducts the segment as the key contributors to global BPC market over the forecast period. Global skin care brands can be also sorted by their marketing positioning into six classes: professional brands, luxury/premium, pharmacy/dermo-cosmetics (cosmeceuticals), organic/natural brands, direct-selling and mass market products. Each segment targets different consumers according to their purchasing power, quality requests or specific needs, etc. Key competitors of each class are listed below: Professional skin care brands (distributed mainly by beauty salons, spas): Sothys Paris, Lexli, RVB, Sparitual, Lotusdream, etc. Premium skin care brands(distributed mainly by department stores, perfumeries), : Shiseido, Està ©e Lauder, Lancà ´me (LOrà ©al Group), Clinique (Està ©e Lauder Group), Kanebo (Kao Group), Chanel, Christian Dior (LVMH Group), SK-II (PG Group), Yves Saint Laurent (LOrà ©al Group), etc. Pharmacy/dermo-cosmetics brands(distributed mainly by pharmacies, drugstores or via dermatologists recommendations): Vichy (LOrà ©al Group), La Roche-Posay (LOrà ©al Group), Boots, Eucerin (Beiersdorf Group), Johnsons, Avà ¨ne (Pierre Fabre SA), Caudalie, Lierac, ROC (Johnson Johnson), Nuxe, Galenic, etc. Organic/natural brands(distributed mainly by speciality stores, natural food stores): Yves Rocher, The Body Shop (LOrà ©al Group), LOccitane Direct-selling brands: Avon (USA), Natura (Brazil), Mary Kay (USA), Oriflame (Luxembourg), Artistry (Amway corp. USA), DHC (Japan), Nu Skin (USA) Mass market brands(distributed mainly by supermarkets, hypermarkets): LOrà ©al Paris, Nivea (Beiersdorf Group), Garnier (LOrà ©al Group), Olay (PG Group), Neutrogena (Johnson Johnson), Ponds (Unilever Group), Vaseline (Unilever Group) Eucerin ® is catalogued in the pharmacy/dermo-cosmetics brand of skin care industry as its products can be only purchased in pharmacies or drugstores. 2.1.2 Skin Care Industry in Western Europe For BPC industry and consumers, it has been tough in the past couple of years. However, the latest data showed that Skin Care was the only category managing to sustain an average of positive 4% growth during the economic downturn.Comprising 23% of global BPC sales in 2010, it remained the most valuable category during 2005-2010. Despite the growth of Skin Care sector slightly slowed down due to the decreased consumptions on non-essential purchases, the global sales of Skin Care sector was still largely focused in mature Western countries. Anti-age cosmeceuticals were considered and predicted as the star performer for Skin Care market for the future couple of years while the premium and luxury products performed the worst and were pushed toward the category of super premium or â€Å"masstige†skincare for a better performance and the growth in both anti-age and premium was accelerated by the high demand in Asia Pacific. Comparing to Skin Care, global Hand Care sales showed a sli ght yet stable growth and the reason was believed to be linked directly with consumers threaten perception of swine flu. In Western Europe, while recent data showed a gradual result of an average 4% Skin Care sales growth in UK, Netherlands and Germany during 2009 2010, key markets such as France, Italy and Spain reflected an average of -2% in term of sales growth, resulting an overall 2% growth drop in Skin Care segment in Western Europe (Fig. 11 and Table 1). While the Skin Care sales growth in western European slowed down in recent years, anti-age sub-category maintained an outstanding growth reflecting the desire for a younger looking appearance from the consumers. Table 1 Skin Care in Key Western European Countries (2005-2010) Crossing the overall BPC Western European market, in 2010, the top 10 Skin Care brands which share 26.2% of the market are belonging to 7 companies: Beiersdorf AG, LOrà ©al Group, Procter Gamble Co., Clarins SA, Yves Rocher SA, Està ©e Lauder Cos Inc, and Henkel AG Co., in which 4 brands are categorised into mass market class (Nivea, LOrà ©al Paris, Oolay and Garnier), 3 in premium/luxary (Clarins, Clinique and Lancà ´me), 2 in pharmacy/dermo-cosmetics (Vichy and Diadermine), and Yves Rocher is classified into natural/organic brands. On the other hand, in terms of company shares in Western European Skin Care market where up to nearly 58.6% market shares are held by the top 10 BPC companies, their products are crossing over all cosmetics classifications and sales distribution channels except the direct-selling category (Appendix 1 2). In relation to consumers behaviour toward BPC market in Western Europe, four fundamental trends characterized by Lee (2010)that impact global BPC market across all categories may sum up this market trend: the ageing population, agelessness pursuance, advances of technology and intensive awareness of health and wellness. The Ageing Population The global population is becoming older. Comparing to Japan who has the oldest population in the world with nearly 23% over the age of 65 in 2010, the median age in Western Europe today is just over 40. Japan has the differentiation of being the largest Skin Care consumer on a per capita basis. In 2010, it accounted for 22% of global skin care sales with USD 19.3 billion and this may referable to its huge older consumers, high disposable incomes and the great interest in combination of health and beauty. Agelessness Pursuance The pursuance of younger looking is highly associated with increased life-pan and the development of technologies. People take greater care of their appearances in order to reflect their interior youthfulness. In result, for example, the high demands for cosmetic minimally-invasive treatment (including Botox, laser skin resurfacing, soft tissue fillers, etc.) that intending for skin firming and elasticity made up 11.6 million procedures in 2010 with 110% growth during 2000 2010 in the US and was expecting to reach totally USD 17.6 billion in 2015. Advances of Technology Skin Care companies and manufactures today are able to sell their products with higher prices thanks to the aggressive introductions of technologically advanced formulations. Consumers in Western Europe may willing to pay up to EUR 20, EUR 40 or even EUR 300 on a product that claims benefits such as firming or wrinkle reduction and contains innovative whatsoever ingredients, while a product that only provides a single basic function may not be able to sold even it only charges EUR 10. High Awareness of Health and Wellness The concerns about health and product safety among consumers in Western Europe have massively increased during the past couple of years due to the aging population and the age-related illnesses. Consumers are becoming more and more careful about what they put on their skins and the detrimental effects of chemicals. In result, this will lead to a strong interest in finding cosmeceuticals with a balance of natural, organic ingredients and effective functions. 2.1.3 Skin Care Industry in China Table 2 BPC Market by categories in China (2009-2010) BPC market in emerging countries such the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) has shown enormous growth in the past couple of years. In China, BPC market showed strong resilience of 10% sales growth, reaching RMB 145.5 billion (proximately USD 22.4 billion) under the global recession impact in 2009 and continuously increased in 2010. While the growth rate in sectors such as deodorants, fragrances and mens grooming products were less well performed comparing to 2009, skin care, hair care and premium cosmetics were the most dynamic sectors in 2010 (Table 2 and Fig. 12). Comprising 6% of global BPC market value in 2010, Chinas BPC sales is expected to have a relative resilience to the global recession and reach as much as RMB 206 billion (proximately USD 31.7 billion) by 2014. Crossing the overall Skin Care market in China, interestingly, while 9 out of top 10 skin Care brands in Japan all belong to Japanese local BPC manufacturers, the top 10 brands who share 51.5% of Chinas Skin Care market in 2010 are from 4 foreign countries: Mary Kay (US), Artistry (US), Longligi (China) and Avon (US) are categorized into direct-selling channel; Olay (US), LOrà ©al Paris (France) and Nivea (Germany) belongs to mass market class; and Shiseido (Japan), Lancà ´me (France) and Chcà ©do (China) are classified into premium/luxary sector. There are no pharmacy/dermo-cosmetics brands in top 10 and the best performer Vichy (France) only shares 2.1% followed by La Roche-Posays (France) 0.4% in the market. 2.2 Cosmetics Market Regulation in China While China represents today one of the most important and attractive BPC markets in the world, however, its complex cosmetic regulatory system with rapid amendments make the BPC business full of difficulties. The Ministry of Health (MOH) of China has promulgated the â€Å"Regulations on Cosmetics Hygiene Supervision† on 13 November 1989 and the regulation was effective on 1 January 1990.According to it, a foreign cosmetic company (either a manufacturer or brand owner) with a valid business registration licenseis required to obtain two licenses under the cosmetic regulatory system in China the Hygiene License and the China Inspection Quarantine (CIQ) Labeling Certificate. i. Hygiene License Issued by the State Food and Drugs Administration (SFDA), the Hygiene License is concerning of cosmetic products and ingredients monitoring and supervision. Foreign companies holding Chinese business registration licenses with 3 classified cosmetic products listing below are requested to apply for an Import Hygiene License before their products are allowed to be distributed and placed on the China market (the pre-market approval): â€Å"Special-use cosmetics†, which 8 different sorts of products are included: hair dyeing, hair perm, hair-growth, deodorant, depilation, body shaping (including slimming and breast enlarging), sun cream and spot removing. Non special-use cosmetics† including ordinary BPC products such as skin care, hair, fragrance and manicure/pedicure products that are not belonged to special-use cosmetic category. â€Å"New ingredient†, meaning ingredients that are not listed on the â€Å"Inventory of Existing Cosmetic Ingredients in China (IECIC)†. There are several documents including the product ingredients list, product quality standard, product testing report and packaging are needed for Hygiene License application. A full list of application documents is attached in the appendix 4. ii. The China Inspection Quarantine (CIQ) Labeling Certificate Issued by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), the CIQ Labeling Certificate is concerning of imported products packaging supervision. A full list of application documents is attached in the appendix 4. Foreign BPC companies are required to a Chinese legal reporting representative throughout the SFDA Hygiene Licenses application process. Moreover, as the official language of China is simplified Chinese, all mandatory information should be in simplified Chinese including the full product ingredients list shown on cosmetic labeling. According to Pisacane (2009), the Managing Partner from Great Way Advisory, after submitting all requested documents to the SFDA, the whole application process will take 4 5 months for â€Å"non special-use cosmetics† and 8 9 months for â€Å"special-use cosmetics† to obtain the final certificate as the SFDA review and evaluate imported cosmetics only 6 times a year. In terms of cosmetics import tariffs, the current import tariff bound rate for imported BPC products is about 10% basically but it depends also on the country of origin and the product category which the import tariffs can reach as much as 150%, plus 17% VAT (value added tax) a nd 5% 30% CT (consume tax). 2.3 Chinese Consumers Behaviour Comprising 34% market share in Chinas BPC market in 2010, the skin care sector is worth USD 9.9 billion, growing at a rate above the GDPand will continue to dominate the BPC industry sales for future couple of years. While more and more people in China move from the lower class into the middle class, they are able and willing to spend more money on personal beauty care products. However, despite the fast rise in personal wealth, the development in Chinese BPC market sales growth which is greatly linked to better richness can be very fluctuating due to the countrys strong consumer saving level. Moreover, in terms of the growth of Chinas BPC sub-categories is rather unequal, for example, sector such as skin care (sales value USD 9.9 billions) is reaching mainstream status in 2010 while others such as fragrances (sales value USD 0.58 billions) and sun care (sales value USD 0.48 billions) remain niche segments. Despite these, there are still obvious areas where Chinese consumers are will ing to spend their money generously such as Premium Baby Care (21% sales growth 2009-10), Premium Skin Care (+19%) or Premium Colour Cosmetics (+15%). Chinese consumer behaviour and their knowledge, attitude, use and response to Skin Care products that reflects in their spending patterns are very much linked with Chinese Culture. Grubow(2008)characterises several beauty trends from the view points of Chinese consumers that intensively influence Skin Care market trends in China: desire for status-improving products, medicinal ingredients welcome, respect for skin care regimes, openness to professional advices and demand for luxury packaging.    Desire for Status-Improving Products Tracking back to ancient Chinese culture, giving a fair, even, pale and fragile quality skin look is quite associated with beauty as it implicated being in a aristocratic social stature. The standard of beauty does not actually change much. Today, Chinese women want a fair, flawless, radiance and translucent skin tone which is considered as wealthy and healthy, meanwhile, browner or darker skin is linked with rural and toiling for money. In result, Chinese women are interested in whitening-orientated products (but bleaching ones which do not give an appearance of evenness and a glow skin tone). Interestingly, a recent survey made by Asia Market Intelligence found that around two-thirds Chinese men also prefer fairer skin and are opened to male skin whiteners. This cultural ideal attracts to every class of people, from the mass to ultra luxury channels, and leading brands such as Olay, Shiseido, Nivea and Avon are offering whitening products not only for facial skin but body in Chinese Skin Care market. Another Chinese beauty trend in terms of status-improving is the skin concentration products which cover for examples facial masks, patches and eyes and chest treatment. Mask treatment is considered luxury as it used to be applied only in a spa treatment which required time and money. This â€Å"DIY approach† with masks containing rich textures or high-tech functions appeals to Chinese consumers and makes them feel unique and luxurious. Again, this pattern taps into the sense of status-enhancing.   Medicinal Ingredients Welcome Traditional Chinese herbal medicine impact strongly on many parts of Chinese day to day life and skin care products are no exception. Chinese consumers believe that some special ingredients provide a better benefit of healing and this is highly linked with the Chinese medicinal practices history. Taking examples of burdock, ginseng and green tea extract which contain antioxidants for skin nourishment; these natural ingredients are popular and famous among both younger and older generations because they are believed to be more inartificial and safer than other ingredients.   Respect for Skin Care Regimes Similar as Japanese skin care rituals that a full Japanese daily ritualistic process contains up to 9 separate steps, Chinese women also respect skin care order. They like to arrange their cosmetics on the dressing table and enjoy the skin care rituals consisting separate steps.While Western Consumers are appealed by products with two-in-one or multiple functions such as Neutrogenas 2-in-1 Cleansing Gel (cleansing and mask), Vichys Puretà © Thermale 3-in-1 One Step Cleanser (cleansing, toning and eye makeup remover) or Olays Total Effects, in China, women purchase Neutrogenas Deep Clean Makeup Remover, Cleanser, Blackhead Eliminating Patch and Soothing Mask or Olays Renewal Lightening Toner, Moisturizer, Lotion and Eye Cream.   Openness to professional advices Though the development of beauty and health care speciality drug stores such as Watsons, Mannings and Sasa in China is far behind the pharmacies in France or Japan or the drug stores in Germany, in principal cities of China, the specialty drug stores has witnessed an enormous sales growth during the past decade. Watsons, for instance, had only 80 outlets back in 2005. But last year, it has opened its 700th outlet in China, making it as the leading beauty and health care speciality drug store in Chinas BPC market.This is not just about the locations or its competitive prices policy that attract lots of consumers; the evidence that each Watsons outlet is equipped with counsellors and pharmacists who provide products advices and recommendations is also one of the key reasons that drive consumers into shops. Consumers in China trust and appreciate the advices of skin care from these shop assistances. It is therefore not difficult to interpret that with this advices-welcoming concept, direct-selling brands such as Mary Kay, Artistry and Avon who always come with sales counsellors and host frequently cosmetics seminars and makeup workshops appeal intensively Chinese consumers attention. (In 2010, 4 out of top 10 Skin care brands are categorized as direct-selling channel.) Demand for Luxury Packaging As consumers from emerging countries tend to search for higher cost-effectiveness products, in China, a cosmeceutical product with a luxury packaging is very much appreciated by Chinese consumers as it gives again the sense of status-enhancing. Packaging like heavy glass container appears more attraction for consumers than a plastic container even if it contains better ingredients or product volume. In addition, Trout (2011)suggests that when developing a new product range at different pricing and customer targeting, the design of packaging helps companies to define a â€Å"new† brand image and extend the attraction to wider potential consumers. 2.4 International Operation Strategy 2.4.1 Operation Strategy Strategy, originally derived from Greek word â€Å"strategos†, was firstly used in the military term and then in the management of business. Drucker(1954)proposed that strategy is â€Å"to analyse the current situation, including the inquiring of companys existing or should-be resources, and if necessary, change the situation.† Strategy was was also suggested by Chandler(1962) that â€Å"determines the base of corporations long-term objectives and taken actions, resources and configuration standards to achieve these targets.† In Andrew(1971)s The Concept of Corporate Strategy book, proposed that strategy is â€Å"the scheme of targets development and major policies and plans for the purpose of achieving specific objectives to describe the companys current and future business.† Glueck(1976)considered strategy â€Å"is a unified, coordinated, broad and integrated plan to reach the basic objectives of the organization†. The definition of strategy was a lso given by Porter (1985), â€Å"strategy is the response to external opportunities and threats, and internal strengths and weaknesses, in order to achieve competitive advantages†. In 1990, Ansoffdefined strategy as â€Å"a set of criteria to lead the organizational behaviour for the decision-making.† Kaplan and Norton(1990) described strategy is â€Å"a set of assumptions of cause and effect†. Porter(1996) again explained that strategy is â€Å"to conduct a selection among activities, enabling the organizational competitiveness while creating the sustainability and differences of the market†. There are various ways and results in strategic planning according to organizational goals and objectives that classify strategic management into different frameworks. Scholars attempt to conclude strategies in practice that are partly summarized underneath. However, there is so far no better or the most appropriate classifications or concepts. It is though agreed that a model which can be applicable to organizations would be capable to recognise and assess their chosen strategy content. Ansoff (1965)s Product-Market Growth Matrix (Table 3). Based on two basic aspects (product and market), a four-product-market portfolio is created that corresponds with corporations marketing strategy: Market penetration strategy is based on the present products portfolio, attempting to increase the market share. Market development strategy is to find and develop a new potential market basing on present products. Product development strategy is to create or bring new products in order to replace companys existing products Diversification strategy is to develop new products for new potential market. Porter (1980) characterized three general types of strategies into a category scheme that can be used to achieve and continue business competitive advantages: cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and segmentation strategy (Table 4). David (1986, 1995, 2010), has formed a modern Strategy-Formulation Analytical Framework that assisted strategies generate and evaluate feasible alternatives for the purpose of choosing a specific course of action. Strategies can be recognized, assessed and chosen by this framework which contains three stages including: the input, matching and decision (Table 5). 2.4.2 SWOT Analysis Originally developed by Albert Humphrey in his research project based upon the US Fortune 500 companies during 1960s to 1970s, SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method that specifies the corporate objective and identifies the favourable or unfavourable internal and external factors to accomplish this objective. It defines, analyses and evaluates corporate internal Strengths and Weaknesses and its external Opportunities and Threats that helps the organisation to determine the operational problem and the strategic decision making. A SWOT analysis result matrix was presented by Weihrich(1982) using strategies matching approach to develop relevant future coping strategies (Table 6). The procedures of SWOT analysis are often associated with corporate strategic planning process that can be combined into following steps: Conducting the description of business environment; Identifying and validating all affecting external factors; Predicting and assessing the future changes of external factors; Reviewing the internal strengths and weaknesses; Framing a feasible strategic planning by using SWOT analysis; and Conducting strategic choices and decision making. According to Weihrichs SWOT Analysis Result Matrix (in step five), a result of 22 strategies is hereby described as follows: SO Strategy: in accordance with the Maxi-Maxi principle, to consolidate strengths and improve opportunities. The direction of business development can be for example, (1) focusing on the growth of one single product, technique or market; (2) discovering new market for alternative selling channels; (3) developing new product using organizational resources; or (4) creating a new product life circle for customers to identify with aiming at winning the competitive market. It is the best operational strategy for business development and profits making with a closed coordination of corporate internal resources and external environment. WO Strategy: in accordance with the Mini-Maxi principle, to improve organizational weaknesses and manage opportunities. The result of Mini-Maxi strategic planning can be (1) unrelated diversification; (2) joint venture; (3) strategic alliance; or (4) consortium. ST Strategy: in accordance with the Maxi-Mini principle, to reinforce corporate self-strengths and cope with threats. Examples for strategic decision making can be (1) horizontal integration: integrating business of the same level to reduce competitors; (2) vertical integration: integrating upstream/downstream firms to avoid external threats; or (3) using related diversification improve business synergy.