Comapring Japan and Thailand essays

Comapring Japan and Thailand essays Thailand and Japan are two countries situated in the Australian, Asian and Pacific (A.A.P) region. There are many similarities and differences in their physical and human geographies. Japan is an archipelago of 3900 mountainous islands with a total land size of 377 835km2. Located in East Asia along the 'Pacific Ring of Fire' Japan ranges from North 50 30I to 210 and East 970 3I to 1030 3I. In contrast, Thailand is a larger country with a total landmass of 511 770km2. It is located in South East Asia on the Indo-China and Malayan peninsula. Thailands landmass ranges from 70 5I to 200 5I North and 970 to 105o 41 East. Thailand has a tropical climate that experiences monsoonal influences, whereas Japan has a diverse climate, ranging from sub-tropical in the south to alpine conditions on the elevated peaks. Japan has an aging population, which is twice the size of Thailand's. 90% of Japans 126 million people live on only 20% of its dry land. Dissimilarly, Thailands population is more ev enly spread with a distribution of 117 persons per km2. Japan is a More Developed country (M.D.C) with a GNP per capita of US$34 500, which makes it Asia most affluent country. Japan Economy relies on services and high technology industries. Thailand is a Less-Developed country (L.D.C) with a GNP per capita of US$8 800. Thailands population relies more on a subsistence way of life. In fact 75% of its inhabitants making their living from farming. Japan is an island archipelago with over 3900 islands. The four main islands, Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku stretch for over 3 800 kilometres. The country situated on the edge of large tectonic plates which are constantly moving providing an unpredictable countryside. The Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, Korea Strait and the East China Sea surround the Japanese archipelago. Unlike Japan, Thailand is not a group of islands, it is however a larger country with a land area of 511 770k...

How To Write Better Content In A Competitive Blog Niche

How To Write Better Content In A Competitive Blog Niche Earlier this year, we took a survey of you, dear users, and asked about some of your content marketing pain points. Here’s what you told us, in order, were the top three hand-wringing struggles for you: Finding enough time to create content. Planning that content. Creating really good content. I second these pain points; I’m with you. That third pain point is pretty wide open. What is really good content? Is it content you feel proud of? Content that performs well? Content that gets a lot of comments and engagement? Content that becomes an evergreen stalwart in your stable? Content you put a lot of work into? Content you learned from? In other words, how do you define â€Å"good content?† How To #Write Better Content In A Competitive #Blog Niche via @JulieNeidlingerDo You Want To Be Liked, Or Do You Want To Learn? Sometimes good content stems from rather bad content. When I studied art in college, I found that, at the end of college, I had come to view a piece of art as a success based on two things: Its likability. These are pieces that I liked, and/or viewers liked. They were visually pleasing in whatever niche they belonged in. For example, I used to do pet portraits for people. I didn’t always love the result in that after a while it felt like yet another dog painting. But, for the client, the likability was clearly there. Its teachability. There are pieces that I hated when I finished (if I finished them), or that took me a long time- sometimes years- to start to like. Yet I considered them a success because I learned something from doing them. Maybe I found a new way to handle a particular medium, or I discovered something about color and shadow. Whatever it was, the image itself didn’t tell the viewer what I learned, necessarily, so the teachability of a piece of art was generally something only I, the artist, could know was in play. I am often proud of pieces that others don’t care for, simply because I know what it taught me. Whee, do I have some uuugleee pieces of art. â€Å"Just light that match. Put it out of its misery.† But those flaming monstrosities taught me something useful and helped me make future likable pieces. I’m guessing, for the most part, that when you told us you wanted to write better  content, you were mainly talking about its likability. You want your audience to like it, talk about it, share it. But here’s the dangerous thing: You can consistently create good content (and good art) without learning anything new. And as a content marketer, failing to always keep learning means one day you are suddenly eons behind everyone else, even though things had been quite successful up to that point. By failing to learn, one day you are suddenly eons behind everyone else. #bloggingMy painting style has changed considerably from college, for example, but I know of another artist from the same background whose style has remained pretty much the same in the past twenty years. There’s nothing wrong with that; her art is quite popular with the public, has a loyal following, and it clearly hits the likability zone. Because her style hasn’t changed much, her audience knows exactly what to expect, and it is a profitable audience. Her art is easily identifiable and has helped establish a kind of creative â€Å"brand† for her. It’s admirable. But it can also be predictable, and tiring. If you hold teachability (i.e. learning from mistakes and taking creative risks) as an aspect of your definition of â€Å"good content†, you will likely see changes in what you create. You will see your audience fluctuate and see dips in your measurable numbers, but you will constantly be pressing into fresh water instead of the same pool. So. Do you want your content to be liked? Or do you want to learn? These two aren’t always exclusive of each other, but in quite a few situations, they are. I would posit that if you want to be a great content creator in the long haul, you have to sometimes give up on your content always being liked and accept the dogs that come from your pen. Those new dogs can teach you something. Sometimes, the best #ContentMarketing comes from your failures. Learn from them to improve.Once you are willing to take a leap and write outside of your current state of likability, you’re ready for the next step. Do You Remember To Look Up To Others? Our own Content Marketing Lead, Nathan, prefers a particular technique that requires a bit of online research to find the top performing content in your niche. â€Å"There are a few ways to write better content, but I only really use the skyscraper technique,†Ã‚  he’s told me, and it makes pretty good sense. As Garrett outlined on an earlier blog post, the skyscraper technique is, at its most basic, a three-step process: Find top performing content. Write  better content than the current top performers. Try to get a bunch of people to link to your new content. It’s the second step, I’m guessing, where the questions lie. How do you write  Ã¢â‚¬Å"better† content than someone else? As Garrett points out (and as I’ve mentioned before), you have to dissect the content. (Who knew dissection was such a thing for content marketers!) He suggests looking for: Average content length. Average number of images. Overall quality of content (rank from 1–10). Specific keywords/key-phrases used. You might also consider other more abstract aspects of the content as to what makes it a success, such as: Hierarchy:  Expert or beginner? Proximity: Did the content succeed because it was so dead-on accurate for a specific audience? Would that approach work as well for yours? Impact:  How did the content directly impact the reader’s life topically or anecdotally? Trendiness:  Is the content evergreen, or was it successful for a certain time frame only? Strangeness:  Is the content so unexpected that people are thrilled to see something new and unusual? Conflict:  Are there â€Å"warring factions† in the content, opposing ideas, and anything that stirs up passion and engagement? Humanity:  Is the content appealing because of its human interest component, stirring up empathy? Essentially, you are trying to figure out what makes a winning, popular, and successful piece of content tick. If it’s outside of your usual style or approach, this will be challenging. You’ll have to rethink why that piece of content is so good. One thing that’s important to note is that if you are trying to track and rate content, you are going to have to create standards (your own, or someone else’s recommendations) and assign numerical values for anything that is abstract in nature. For example, Garrett suggested you assign, on a scale of 1–10, a quality rank. Perhaps you define quality based on typos, grammar, whitespace, unique research, interviews, or some other characteristic. Whatever scale you use, and whatever standards you set for yourself, you will need to be consistent. Research what content already exists, then plan to #write something even better. Here's how.Once you figure out why a piece of content did so well for someone else (and you have concrete measurements even for the abstract), you can be that person who always has to top everyone  and who goes and writes even better content. Are You Always Scanning The Horizon? My first car was a Chrysler Plymouth Horizon, and if I wanted to get good radio reception, I had to roll down the front passenger window. Fine in the summer, excruciating in the winter. In order to bear the cold air, I had to turn up the heat. The heater fan was so loud, that I had to turn up the radio. It was a vicious cycle that meant, by the time I pulled into the yard on the drive home from school, I was one of those ridiculous people whose radio is so loud that all the plastic parts of the car are rattling. Take a look at this beauty. That is not the Horizon you should be on the lookout for. In the previous step, you were to look up to individual examples of top performing content, figure out why it was up there so high, and do your own version but better. Most bloggers have peaks and valleys of content success; you might have found a few one hit wonders in your skyscraper analysis. And then there are bloggers who are consistently creating good content. They might have had a few skyscraper pieces, but maybe not. What they generally have is authority, and authority is less susceptible to peaks and valleys, and more even-keeled. How do you become an authority on something? GEORGE: Wow, Keith Hernandez. He's such a great player. JERRY: Yeah, he's a real smart guy too. He's a Civil War buff. GEORGE: I'd love to be a Civil War buff. ... What do you have to do to be a buff? JERRY: So Biff wants to be a buff? ... Well sleeping less than 18 hours a day would be a start. - From Seinfeld â€Å"The Boyfriend (1)† There are people who are an authority, and there are people who call themselves an authority. There are some who might say that being an authority is more than just being an expert. An expert merely knows a lot, while an authority has the power to wield that expertise. Let’s take that approach, then, with the idea being that you first have to be an expert before you can be an authority. Becoming an expert. What does an expert look like to you? For me, it’s someone who: Has â€Å"paid their dues† and worked a long time at something. Has a broad variety of experiences in their niche, with lots of useful anecdotes to tell about them. Talks about what they’ve learned in a transparent way. Can show actual success and that they practice what they preach. Backs up their claims. Shares ideas, interpretations, facts, and knowledge that aren’t commonly found elsewhere. You can become an expert, then, by hard work, constant learning, willingness to make mistakes, and an openness to talking about what you’ve learned and what you’re still learning. Reading books, taking classes online, attending conferences, working a job where you gain experience, finding a mentor, teaching others so you learn as you teach, and having the patience to stick with it over time- this is how you build expertise. Becoming an authority. Being an authority is almost a state of being where people have given you permission to direct how they think. That sounds a bit creepy, but it’s not far off. You can holler and scream that you are an authority all you want, but if no one is listening to you, it’s clear you are not. How do you get people to give you permission to be an authority over them in your niche? Don’t be a jerk, but don’t be a doormat.  Have an opinion based in your expertise, and be willing to voice it. And then, if things go poorly... Take the high road.  Be willing to leave an ugly argument with respectful words and grace. Be an encourager, and be respectful.  Engage with people in an individual, helpful, and honest way. Don’t get a reputation for being a brash loudmouth who insults people. You might get fame, and you might get known, but you won’t really be an authority. Don’t chase after fame.  Using sketchy tactics to get momentary shares, attention, and fame is not the behavior of someone who is authority material, someone who is confident enough in their skills, patience, and ability. Be consistent. We are always preaching consistency and planning here at (hence the editorial calendar!), and consistency is part of being an authority. People trust the authority, and they build trust based on the sense that they know what to expect from you. Consistent content, social media presence, and engagement are crucial. Step out of the limelight.  Curation  is a powerful aspect of authority. It’s you, sharing and promoting the good work of others. It shows you’re not a glory hog, and that you’re not in it for yourself. Ask for help.  Reach out to other people and ask for their genuine  help or their opinion. It humanizes you. Be helpful first, self-promotional last.  How many times do you use the word â€Å"I† in your copy? Are you about you, or are you about others? This is a bit tricky. Authority isn’t necessarily being well-known (though it can be), but is that peculiar state where people stop and listen when you start to speak. If you want authority so bad you can taste it, chances are you won’t get it. Authority flows out of you having a genuine desire to be an expert and a genuine desire to use that expertise to help other people. How Will You Write Better Content To Stand Out From Your Competition? In summary, there are a million ways to approach the question, â€Å"How do I write better  content?†, but for this post, I wanted to give you a three-step personal assessment: Do you want to be liked, or do you want to learn? Do you know, and can you define, what successful content looks like? Have you put in the time to be an expert, and the personality to be an authority? There are so many great content creators out there. Which do you consider to be an authority, and why?

Analysis of Types of Cell Organelles Coursework

Analysis of Types of Cell Organelles - Coursework Example As they contain water, they are able to make sure that the latter possibility remains in effect. The cell wall is a tough and flexible layer that surrounds many types of cells. It can be found outside of the cell membrane and plays the part of acting like a "pressure vessel," being able to prevent the cell from over-expanding when water enters it. They are found in plants, algae, and fungi - many organisms that need water as a part of their growth. The cell wall also filters what enters and exits the cell. The cell membrane can be found between the cellular machinery inside the cell and the fluid that can be found outside of the cell. The cell membrane is a permeable lipid bilayer that can be found in all cells, in all types of organisms. The cell membrane acts as a type of skin, separating the intracellular components from the environment of the extracellular components. The cell membrane helps to add shape to the cell and aids in the forming of tissue. The nucleus is the DNA provider of eukaryotic cells; in fact, the foremost function of the nucleus is to control gene expression as well as the replication of DNA during cell cycles. The structure of the nucleus allows it to control what it needs to, yet keeps itself away from the rest of the cytoplasm where it sees fit. The nucleus also contains pores that allow free movement of molecules and ions that need to pass through. The structure of the Golgi apparatus, the organelle that helps to process proteins for secretion, contains numerous membrane-bound stacks that are known as cisternae. The purpose of the cisternae is to modify the contents that enter the organelle based on where they would reside within the cell or organism. Each stack of cisternae on the Golgi apparatus contains five functional regions, each one capable of selectively modifying the contents of the organism. The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein translation, the production, and storage of glycogen and steroids, transporting the proteins that are required within the cell, among many other functions. The structure of endoplasmic reticulum is made up of a number of cisternae, allowing the filtering of what goes inside the organelle and what is released.

Did asteroids kill the dinosaurs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Did asteroids kill the dinosaurs - Coursework Example Many scientists currently believe that a large asteroid impact caused such devastation on the planet that nearly all of the higher life forms, including the large dinosaurs, were killed off. This is evidenced by a large crater found outside of Chicxulub, Mexico, which is also known as the Yucatan crater because it is found at the end of the Yucatan peninsula. At first, however, the main source of evidence for this theory was the existence of a layer of irridium dust found in many places all over the planet. This element is not commonly found in large amounts on the Earth's surface, and its presence in a single band at a similar depth in a number of different soils could mean that a large asteroid containing irridium crashed into the Earth and scattered dust all over the planet (York 2006). When the Chicxulub crater was eventually found, it turned out to be an elongated crater from a hit that most likely involved a low angle of impact. This further supports the irridium evidence since the low angle of impact means that the asteroid would have basically exploded, sending its pieces flying, as well as throwing up a huge cloud of dust and debris (Hecht 1996). The asteroid theory states that the dinosaurs would have been killed as a result of this dust cloud. The dust cloud was so enormous as to have risen into the atmosphere and been swept around the planet by the circulating air currents. The sunlight would be blocked out by this dust cloud, reducing the ability of plants to photosynthesise and create energy off of which they could live. Since plants are at the bottom of nearly all of the food chains on Earth, without the energy provided to them through photosynthesis, animal life struggled to find enough food. Most of the dinosaur species were large and heavy, requiring huge amounts of plant life to support their energy needs; as the plants died out, so did the dinosaurs, leaving only the relatively much smaller mammals and birds. In addition, this cloud caused t he temperature all over the planet to drop, directly killing off many dinosaur species (York 2006). However, no actual physical evidence exists that the asteroid which struck at Chicxulub was responsible for those changes. The fossil record of that era is scarce, and some of what does exist suggests a much longer and drawn-out extinction event than is usually suggested with the asteroid extinction theory. This claim, though, is based on studies performed in the Far East, especially China, which is far from the suggested impact site. Perhaps the fossil record at this location suggests a slower extinction because it is far from the impact crater and so the climate changes and plant life die-off happened slower (Zhao et al. 2008). Climate change is another suggestion for what could have killed off the dinosaurs. Most dinosaurs were what is known as ecothermic reptiles, taking in their heat from the environment rather than making it themsevles as mammals and birds do. In addition to the direct effects of the temperature dropping, the climate change would also have affected plant life in the same way that climate change after the asteroid would have. However, the ultimate cause of this climate change, other than if it were caused by the

Twins Genetics Essay Example for Free

Twins Genetics Essay Introduction Twin pregnancies still face greatest challenges in obstetric care and fetal medicine today. Much is known about the diseases by studying the development of infants who have shared the same foetuses. Pregnancies occurring with twins have a higher incidence of preterm labour, miscarriage and fetal death when compared to single pregnancies. Non-identical twins (dizygous, binovular, fraternal, or dizygotic) result from the fertilization of two independently released ova by two different sperm. Their genetic makeup is as dissimilar as one would expect between siblings. All these twins possess separate amnion sac. Whereas, identical twins (monozygous, uniovular, monozygotic) arise from the splitting of a single fertilized egg within the first 14 days after fertilization. Monozygous twins, depending on the timing of embryonic cleavage, may be dichorionic diamniotic (d1–3), monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) (d3–8), monochorionic monoamniotic (d9–12), or conjoined, when cleavage of the embryo occurs on day 12 or beyond (Farah Siddiqui, 2007). Monozygotic twins although, considered genetically identical, but there may exist a significant phenotypic discordance especially in the psychiatric diseases like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.   (Mario F. Fraga, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The history behind using Twins to investigate the role of heredity and environment in human life heads back to 19th century. Francis Galton. Charles Darwin cousin was the first researcher to think of this. Since, then twins are been considered as aspects of study in biology, medicine and psychology. Galton thought that since twin pairs (both identical and non-identical) share the same environment, there will be greater coordination of the genetic factors in the disease in genetically identical twins compared to non identical twins. But, by contrast, similar coordination rates for a disease in twins pairs (both identical and non-identical), or differences between the identical twins, suggest that the disease is probably due to non-genetical factors. Twin studies have been many times used to estimate the impact of genetic factors on the disease cause. It is believed that a genetic effect is suggested when the concordinance rate is identical twins exceeds that in nonidentical twins. The concordinance rate in the both identical and nonidentical twins in population based studies suggested that in case of multiple sclerosis there is 27% occurrence compared of the latter which is 3%. Similarly, Rheumatoid arthritis occurrence in former in 12.3% compared to the latter which is 3.5%. Whereas in systemic lupus erythematosus the concordance rate in nonidentical twin was nil compared to the identical twin, where the rate were 33% (Marco Salvetti, 2000). Twin studies also have the possiblity of assesing other applications in the assessment of aspects of potential relevance in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. There are possible precipitating factors of autoimmune conditions that await definition including epigenetic effects due to DNA aor protein modifications, the accumulation of somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations, X chromosme incativation and the transcriptionally active endogeneous retroviral sequences presence (Marco Salvetti, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This contribution discusses the difference in the monozygous twins in which factors like the timings of monozygous twinning, linguistic differences and the genetic mechanism are discussed. There are many differences observed among twin pairs like mirror twinning, hair eye, and finger prints etc. without any known reasons or in other word we have very limited understanding of   why these kind of differences arises?. In case of mirror twinning almost 25% of twins have differences and most common is handedness where both twin used different hand for particular purpose. The difference due to any unknown mechanism is also included.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The biggest challenge faced by investigators for evaluating genetic basis of complex disease is to identify small number of genes responsible for disease among thousands of genes present in whole genome in addition to that environmental effect makes task more difficult. Thus development of ideal model system to investigate genetic basis of disease becomes primary requirements. In the following some of the case studies where twins were used as model system for explain genetic bases of diseases are discussed including factors like immunity, leukemia, infectious and autoimmune diseases.    A `corpus`    Mechanisms for differences in monozygous twins:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In general perception Monozygous (MZ) twins are physically and genetically identical. Similarly, clinical determination of zygosity relies on the assumption that any physical differences between a pair of twins imply they are dizygous. As per the other perception dizygous twins share approximately 50% of the same genes, whereas monozygous twins share 100%. But advancement in molecular techniques and understanding of genetics of twins puts several question marks on above mention perception as there are many exception regarding genetic composition and physical appearance of mono and dizygotic twins. There are many numbers of intrauterine effects and other mechanisms that may result in phenotypic, genotypic, and epigenetic differences between monozygous twins. Some of those mechanisms are as follows. Timing of monozygous twinning:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monozygous (MZ) twinning occurs when single fertilized egg give rise to two separate embryos and timing of this separation decides the post zygotic differences in upcoming twins. As early the separation there will be less similarity and late the separation there will be more similarity. During development if the two embryos are separated at latter part most of the differentiation processes completed before they separate and hence both offspring have similar origin. The extreme example of late twining is twins having common somatic organ (Conjoined twins). While in case of early separation the process of differentiation occurs independently which leads to creation of differences among of springs. If twining occurs 8 days after the fertilization and before 12th day the twins are quite identical to each other and called as monozygotic twins comprises of almost 5% of total twins. Genetic mechanisms:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     It is widely believed that monozygotic twins are genetically identical and any differences among them are result of environmental influence. But there is an ever-growing body of evidence that monozygotic twins are not always genetically identical. A number of phenotypic variations in monozygotic twins have been demonstrated to be caused by genetic differences alone and not influence by ante-natal environmental factors. In addition epigenetic modifications in particular sets of gene within a monozygotic twin pair leads to altered expression and hence contribute towards differences. (Paul Gringrasa, 2001). Genetically monozygotic twins can be different at the level of chromosome (number or morphology of chromosome) or DNA (mutation, epigenetic modification). At chromosome level variation classical example is gender difference and certain diseases like Turner syndrome (XYY) this is mainly happened due to early post zygotic mitotic error, resulting in heterokaryotic twining that involves nondisjunction or anaphase lag of the Y chromosome. While at DNA level there are mainly three mechanisms by which differences arises for example differential methylation of CpG island leads to inactivation or activation of particular gene and which contribute in causing differences among monozygotic twins. Not only that, this process of methylation is key factor for inactivation of whole X chromosome and many X-linked diseases like fragile-X, colour blindness, are result of this inactivation. Similarly post zygotic mutation leads to emergence of differences among monozygotic twins. Differences due to some unknown mechanism:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many differences observed among twin pairs like mirror twinning, hair eye, and finger prints etc. without any known reasons or in other words we have very limited understanding of why these kinds of differences arises? In case of mirror twinning almost 25% of twins have differences and most common is handedness where both twin used different hand for particular purpose. The reason behind this was thought to be due to asymmetry of cerebral hemisphere dominance. Similarly, hair and eye colour were know to be the identification mark for dizygotic twins but now it was realized the there are many instances where the differences were observed in MZ too. The reason behind these differences are not well understood and thought to be due to complex genetic interaction and post zygotic mutation. Linguistic differences:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Twin based heritability estimates for language rarely exceeds 0.6 and for monozygotic twins in many instances they were found to be very different. In addition to that it was found that MZ are more likely to suffer linguistic delay and impairment than singletons. There are many factors which affect or create these differences like genetic, epigenetic and prenatal environmental factors. Meta-analyzed data from almost 100 twin studies indicate that depending on what aspect of language is assessed, heritable factors account for between 1/2 to 2/3’s of the variance in language- impaired twins’ linguistic abilities and 1/4 to 1/2 of the variance in normal twins’ linguistic abilities. These meta-analyses also reveal that for both languages impaired and normal twins (Stromswold, 2006). The major contributory factors among perinatal environmental conditions are low birth weight, premature birth, Placental and amniotic complications, Intrauterine infections, neonatal hyperbilirubinea, brain injuries to language area etc. similarly post natal factors includes language input, parental role etc. There are no well documented genetic factors influencing the language in isolation and always studied in light of environmental influence. Twins and genetics and diseases:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The biggest challenge faced by investigators for evaluating genetic basis of complex disease is to identify small number of genes responsible for disease among thousands of genes present in whole genome in addition to that environmental effect makes task more difficult. Thus development of ideal model system to investigate genetic basis of disease becomes primary requirements. The study of twins become central stage for this kind of investigation for example in case of non-identical twins   there are some   similarity like age, family environment and background environmental variation while they have different genetic makeup, Provides excellent tool to determined effect of genetic makeup on diseases. While in case of identical twins, similarity in genetic makeup provides researchers with ways to isolate the function of individual genes involved in disease together with approaches to understanding how genes and the environment interact. Followings are some of the case studies where twins were used as model system for explain genetic bases of diseases. (Alex J. MacGregor, 2000) Twins and immunity:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Immunological disorders are some of the widely observed phenomenon and almost 5% of total population is suffering from these disorders, including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), multiple sclerosis (MS), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and coeliac disease. Strong correlation between genetic makeup and immunological disorder were established based on various twins’ studies. Here in this particular case the complexity of disease and involvement of genetic as well as environmental factors makes twin studies a right system for investigation where investigators can fix one parameter (genetic makeup in case of identical twins) and other variable to evaluate effect of other factor (i.e. environment). Initially genetic and environmental factors are both thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases. But after employment of twins based study strongly rejected the above argument and clearly demonstrated that environment is the major contributor towards immune disease. Twins study demonstrated that the majority of identical twins with an autoimmune disease have an unaffected twin (Table 1). Table 1. Concordance rates in identical and non-identical twin pairs in population-based  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies of immune-mediated diseases Disease Identical twin pairs (%) Non Identical twin pairs MS 26.7 3.5 RA 12.3 3.5 IDDM 13 2.5 SLE 33 0 (Marco Salvetti, 2000) In some cases initially unaffected twin may develop the clinical disease some years after the index twin, but that was not statistically significant. As the majority remain unaffected on prospective study. But one should remember that even identical twins can differ genetically for example X-chromosome inactivation in females. And differential methylation of CpG Island leads to expression of entirely different sets of genes. Similarly there are several somatic rearrangement occurred during T cell receptor development and antibody production and thus differential disease susceptibility in identical twins may be due to effect of non genetic (epigenetic) factor on genetic. Similarly, one should note the fact that observed frequency of particular disease (table1) found to be more in case of identical twins compared to non identical twins clearly indicates role of genetic factor. In conclusion for immune diseases environmental factors play major role in light of genetic background. Twins and Leukemia:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first report of concordant leukemia in twin children appeared in the German literature in 1882 and then after many reports came in similar lines, Most of these studies indicated that there is almost 5-15% concordance rate among monozygotic twins and there are significant differences observed in case of different type of leukemia and age. But surprisingly in case of adult twins the concordant was found to be less than 1% which clearly indicated prenatal origin of disease. The risk estimation of likelihoods of occurrence of disease in co twin is not quite accurate but they can be consider as reasonable guide and approaching 100% for infant while risk of the order of 1 in 10 for older children. This estimation is valid for monozygotic twins and those who have monochrorionic placenta. (Mel F. Greaves, 2003) Twins and infectious diseases:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several observations that clearly indicate infectious diseases have an inherited element, and individuals respond differently to particular infections. The behavior of infectious agents can vary so greatly between strains that the effects of individual Variation are best seen when the same strain of an organism simultaneously infects previously unexposed individuals. Twin studies have compared the disease status among identical and non-identical twins, with the expectation that disease concordance will be higher in identical twins for a disease with a genetically determined component. (Table 3). Even though there are numerous studies carried out to identify major gene responsible for diseases susceptibility there was no clear picture appears for the same.   The major contribution for diffrential suceptibility of infectious disease came for variation in HLA (major histocompatibility complex), T cell recptor and diffrential V-D-J recombination among twins. The environmental factor here   played very crucial role. Table: 3 Table depicting the concordance of disease percentage in both Monozygotic and Dizygotic   twins, accordance to the country. (Hill, 2001)    Disease Concordance* Country MZ (%) DZ (%) Tuberculosis    Germany USA UK 65 62 32 25 18 14 Leprosy India 52 22 Poliomyelitis USA 36    6 Hepatitis B Taiwan 35 4 Possibility of twins having twins:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Birth of Identical or monozygotic twins dose not run in to the family but non identical of dizygotic twins have some heridetory influence. The main reason behind this is monozygotic twins are developed from single fertilized egg while non identical twins develop from two egges shed by ovary. The process of egg shedding have genetic manifestation and observed in woman having family history of twins.In conclusion, a mother of fraternal twins is 3-4 times more likely to have another set of fraternal twins. A woman who is an identical twin is no more likely to have twins compared to someone else expecting. Conclusion:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Twins were consider to be an ideal model system to understand influence of genetic and environmental factors on various aspect of human life including diseases susceptibility, metabolism, social behavior, IQ, personality, linguistic proficiency, Behavior etc. But the biggest challenges were to understand influence of individual factors on overall development of twins. In ideal condition MZ twins considered to be genetically and physiologically identical but there are many exceptions and that is mainly Due to post zygotic mutation and epigenetic influence along with well studied environmental factors. Similarly Immunity and disease susceptibility is mainly influence by environment and partly by genetic factor. For certain diseases like cancer, preventive measures should be taken in case of one of the twin diagnosed with disease, as chances of emergence of same disease in co-twin are high.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the potential of twin studies is to be realized there should be strong collaboration between clinician, scientist and data management agency. Till recent past the main emphasis were given to genetic and environmental factors for any differences among twins. But development of newer technology based on molecular biology changes our perceptions. The epigenetic factors emerge as key contributor towards onset of physiological changes among twins at old age. Careful investigation along with new technology makes twin studies more useful with conclusive answer of various problems. Bibliography Alex J. MacGregor, H. S. (2000). novel uses to study complex traits and genetic diseases. TRENDS IN GENETICS , 131-134. Farah Siddiqui, A. M. (2007). Twins. OBDTETRICS, GYNAECOLGY AND REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE, 289-295. Hill, G. S. (2001). GENETICS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASE. NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS , 967-977. Marco Salvetti, G. R. (2000). Twins: mirrors of the immune system. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY . Mario F. Fraga*, E. B. (2004). Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime. PROCEEDING OF NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES , 10604-10609. Mel F. Greaves, A. T. (2003). Leukemia in twins: lessons in natural history. BLOOD , 2321-2331. Paul Gringrasa, ,. W. (2001). Mechanisms for differences in monozygous twins. EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, 105-117. Stromswold, K. (2006). Why aren’t identical twins linguistically identical? Genetic, prenatal and postnatal factors. COGNITION , 333-386.

Zara Fashion :: essays research papers

ZARA Fashion 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With which of the international competitors listed in the case is it most interesting to compare Inditexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial results? Why? What do comparisons indicate about Inditexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s relative operating economics? Its relative capital efficiency? Note that while the electronic version of Exhibit 6 automates some of the comparisons, you will probably want to dig further into them? The four companies shown above have very different business models. Inditex owned much of the production and most of its stores. Inditex is thus a vertically integrated company. This made Inditex gain a competitive advantage, which is quick response to the market requirements. On the other hand, The Gap and H&M have a different business model. They owned most of the stores, but outsourced all the production. Benetton had a third business model. It invested heavily in the production, but licensees ran its stores. The most interesting company to compare Inditex is The Gap. Although The Gap has much higher revenues than Inditex (almost five times Inditex), it incurred a net loss, as opposed to Inditex, which achieved a 23%, return in investment. This is due to the extremely high costs of good sold for The Gap. This could be caused -at least partially- by the complete outsourcing of the production. They do not have enough control over the production costs. Although The Gap has larger market share than Inditex and has equity almost double that of Inditex, Inditex is much more profitable. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2) How specifically do the distinctive features of Zaraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business model affect its operating economics? Specifically, compare Zara with an average retailer with similar posted prices. In convenient to assume that on average, retail selling prices are about twice as high as manufacturersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ selling prices. Zara sources fabric, other inputs, and finished products from external suppliers. It has purchasing offices in Barcelona and Hong Kong. This gives Zara a competitive advantage towards the costs of goods sold, as it can purchase from both Europe and Asia according to prices. Buying more from China in the future might reduce even more the costs of goods sold. Inditex fully owns Comditel that managed dyeing, patterning and finishing of grey fabric of Inditexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s chains, and supplied finished fabric to external as well as in-house manufacturers. This gave Zara further competitive advantage, in terms of both cost and control. Inditex also fully owned 20 factories for internal manufacture. These factories apply just-in-time production (JIT). Again, this gave Zara further competitive advantage, in terms of both cost and control.

Marriage versus living together Essay

Marriage is considered to improve well- being and the health of the world’s population. Findings from researches indicate that, in general, married couples are healthier physically, happier, experience better mental health, live longer, feel more contented and rarely suffer from physical abuse (McGowan, 2006). However, impacts of living together before legal marriage which is known as premarital cohabiting are very detrimental. Cohabiting is associated with increased aggression and conflict thus increasing the probability of separation in later marriages. It is noted that direct negative effect is created by living in pre marital union on later marital stability whereby living together before marriage undermines the legality of formal marriages thus reducing the required marriage commitment. This results to shifting from one partner to another by cohabitants seeking for the ‘right partner thus an average cohabitant is considered in a lifetime to have several partners. Young people nowadays consider living together then marrying later instead of marring then live together (McGowan, 2006). It is noted that most of the people who decide to live together before marriage their communication skills with each other are very poor which most likely leads to separation. This is as a result of failure for the partners to discuss their concerns or personal problems since they don’t feel that their partner has a right to hear about them or it’s none of their business. In marriage, your partners concerns and problems are yours too hence the relationship is strengthened through effective communication. The reason why conflicts are difficult to resolve in people cohabiting is that, they try to use a kiss or hug instead of establishing the capacity to talk through them. Marriages are considered to be held together through trust, openness, spiritual intimacy, true friendship, and honesty which need effort and to stand the test of time in order to develop. Extra marital affairs are more likely to increase in people who cohabit before marriage. Premarital behaviour and attitudes concerned with sex continue even in marriage whereby the probability of partners cheating in marriage is high if they used to live together before marriage (McGowan, 2006). The reason behind it is that, cohabiting is not founded on lasting relationship but it is based on momentary romance. Romance without relationship is known as the brief most excellent encounter. However, marriage has excellent relationships built upon enjoying and knowing each ones partner not only on sexual but also on recreational, social, divine, openness and intellectual levels. This explains why always married partners have higher levels of loyalty regarding to faithfulness in marriage. Cohabiting is considered as a private business founded on an emotional bond whereby there is no hope for the future, no public obligation and no official decree of responsibility and love. The partners stay together so long as their self driven interests are met in the relationship otherwise the obligation of the relationship is a month to month leasing contract and one can quit anytime. On the other hand, marriage is more than a love agreement (McGowan, 2006). Marriage encompasses societal and legal responsibilities thus it’s a public event. It unites not only two people but also families and communities. That is the reason all newlyweds vow â€Å"till death do us part†. In summary, cohabiting is a marriage of convenience which can be disposed any time. Married couples have marriage of commitment which never comes to an end regardless of challenges experienced. Work cited McGowan, J. (2006). Marriage versus Living Together. USA: Oxford University Press.

What Is the Real Deal with Adhd? – Paper

paper What is the real deal with ADHD? Temple N. Bostic PSY 360: Survey of Mental Health Destiny Champion November 4, 2012 Abstract Many children today are beginning to fall under an umbrella or diagnosis of ADHD that tends to be the ’in’ thing for doctors to say is wrong with them. If a child is a little hyper or of task for any reason, they are said to have ADHD. Regardless of the underlying problems such as issues in the home, these children are placed on medication that many of them do not need, for a condition that the majority of them do not have.At first it was just ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder), but then they added the hyperactivity to it and everyone ran with it. That is not to say that there are not some children in the world that are truly suffering from this disorder, but the fact remains that those who are being medicated should be watched and monitored just a little more closely. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate the knowledge that I have lear ned from this course as well as life lessons. When you sum it all up, everyone wants to know: What is the real deal with ADHD?What is the real deal with ADHD? The children of today’s era are afflicted with many different mental health issues that can cause problem within the family and at school. Regardless of the fact that some of these issues are a direct result from the life they are living at home or the rearing they had, it is the determination of how the problem will be addressed that is the factor of the environment. Some children are born with mental disabilities, while some have the traits that come out at a certain point in their childhood.Regardless of when mental illness rears its head or the type it is, the fact is that they receive the proper treatment and counseling for the particular problem that they have. In the late 80’s, the diagnosis of ADD came on the scene to answer to the problems that children were having regarding their attentiveness in school as well as at home. Attention Deficit Disorder is characterized by inattentiveness, easy distractibility and often insomnia. While ADHD has the same symptoms with the addition of hyperactivity, ADD is the original diagnosis.ADHD did not begin its reign until the mid 90’s when children began to show the symptoms of ADD, but with hyperactivity. Once this was taken into consideration and fully analyzed, ADHD was born and hit the diagnosis airwaves. Many people think that only children receive the diagnosis of ADHD, but in all actuality there are just as many adults that suffer from this disorder as well. Adult ADHD can be just as difficult as it is for the younger clients.As an adult, there are the issues of trying to focus on the daily tasks of work, home and even family; this can become very trying when you are easily distracted, hyperactive at the wrong times and very inattentive. Some young people even carry the disorder from their teenage years into adulthood, when for som e it usually begins to taper off or go away. References Hammerness, P. , Geller, D. , Petty, C. , Lamb, A. , Bristol, E. , Biedermont, J. (2010) Does ADHD moderate the manifestation of anxiety disorders in children?Hurtig, T. , Ebeling, H. , Taanila, A. (2007) ADHD and co morbid disorders in relation to family environment and symptom severity. Rucklidge, J. J. (2008) Gender differences in ADHD: Implications for psychosocial treatment. Ohan, J. L. , Johnston, C. (2007) What is the social impact of ADHD in girls? : A multi-method assessment. Woodard, R. (2006) The diagnosis and medical treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents in primary care: A practical guide. Paloyelis, Y. , Rijsdijk, F. , Wood, A. C. , Asherson, P. , Kuntsi, J. 2010) The Genetic Association Between ADHD Symptoms and Reading Difficulties: The Role of Inattentiveness and IQ. dosReis, S. , Barksdale, C. L. , Sherman, A. , Maloney, K. , Charach, A. (2010) Stigmatizing Experiences of Parents of Children With a New Diagnosis of ADHD. Spencer, S. V. , Hawk Jr. , L. W. , Richards, J. B. , Shiels, K. , Pelham Jr. , W. E. , Waxmonsky, J. G. (2009) Stimulant Treatment Reduces Lapses in Attention among Children with ADHD: The Effects of Methylphenidate on Intra-Individual Response Time Distributions.

Using Press Releases . . . to Find Work

Using Press Releases . . . to Find Work Ever wonder where some authors get their ideas to pitch to magazines, blogs, and online sites? I rarely hear of this trick being used anymore, but I consider it a tried and true habit that will land you article after article in your freelance career. Read press releases. We hear about creating press releases, but we never hear about reading other press releases. But each and every morning, when you sit down to your computer and report to work, all you have to do is open your email to the press release services youve signed up for, and the ideas come bubbling out.   How do you sign up for press releases? You go to the same places youd post a press release: www.prnewswire.com   www.prweb.com www.pr.com www.ereleases.com www.24-7pressrelease.com   www.newswire.com You can also find press releases at: Tourism sites (state, city, regions) Government sites (FBI, USDA, IRS, State Dept) International sites (European Union, the UN, NATO) Corporate sites (Microsoft, Apple) University sites I pulled a random one off a site to set an example: Ylang Ylang Beach Resort Joins Home Country of Costa Rica in Participating in International Day of Yoga pr.com/press-release/676097 From that one press release, in seconds, I thought of five story ideas for publications. Topics about International Yoga Day, practicing yoga on vacation, Costa Rica holidays, a profile of the resorts owner and her affiliation with yoga, retreats that specialize in yoga. I once met a freelance writer who opened her day reading press releases then pitching magazines . . . and that was her full-time living. Sounds so uncomplicated, doesnt it?

Definition and Exampes in English Grammar

Definition and Exampes in English Grammar A diminutive is a word form or suffix that indicates smallness. Also called  hypocoristic. In his Dictionary of English Grammar (2000), R.L. Trask points out that the English language usually forms diminutives by suffixing -y or -ie, often to a reduced form of the source word, as in hanky for a handkerchief, doggie for dog and Tommie for Thomas. But we also use -ette, as in statuette and kitchenette. Other examples of diminutives include  booklet, a small book; circlet, a small circle; duckling, a young duck; hillock  a small hill; novelette, a short novel; wavelet, a ripple or small wave; rivulet, a small brook or stream; gosling, a young goose; coronet, a small crown; eyelet, a small hole; and  droplet, a tiny drop. Etymology From the Latin deminut, to lessen Example My parents named me William, but my friends call me Billy or just Bill. Except for one aunt who calls me Willy. Diminutive Derivation [I]n English, productive diminutive derivation hardly exists at all, despite the existence of isolated baby forms such as handies, doggie or birdie (one can say girlie but not *mannie, auntie but not *unclie, horsie but not *goatie, and so on. The Trick of Shrinking A charming trick almost every language has is the shrinking of someone or something you like by the use of diminutives. The diminutive of Charles is Charlie. The diminutive of William is Billy. The diminutive of star is starlet. The diminutive of pig is piglet. The Olympics of diminutives is won hands-down by the Italians, who have literally dozens of different forms of the diminutive, each conveying its own special nuance of feeling for the noun undergoing the shrinking. A Borrowed Italian Diminutive The food is so good because the ingredients are excellent, like the bread that is made especially for ino at Blue Ribbon Bakery down the block. But ino, a word ending that is an all-purpose Italian diminutive, also offers a European-style warmth. Contrasting Attitudes Toward Diminutives Traditionally, the term diminutive has been used to refer to words which denote smallness and possibly also expressing an attitude. The expressed attitude can be either positive or negative, i.e. either affectionate or derogatory, depending on the specific interplay of linguistic and situational factors in a given context. Diminutives are titles of endearment. Dr. Johnson calling Goldsmith Goldy did equal honor to both. Fanny is a patronizing diminutive. It makes the author [Frances Burney] sound the harmless, childish, priggish girl-woman that many critics want her to beas if the heroine of Mansfield Park has set up as a novelist. Let her have an adult full name. Pronunciation di-MIN-you-tif Sources David Klass,  You Dont Know Me. Square Fish, 2001 Anna Wierzbicka,  Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: The Semantics of Human Interaction. Walter de Gruyter, 1991 (Barry Farber,  How to Learn Any Language. Citadel, 1991 Eric Asimov, An Italian Sandwich Shop That Takes the Diminutive.  The New York Times, February 10, 1999 Margaret Anne Doody,  Frances Burney: The Life in the Works. Rutgers University Press, 1988

Critiques or responds to general issues in business ethics Term Paper

Critiques or responds to general issues in business ethics - Term Paper Example There are a number of ethical issues which surround the advertising concerns. This is because advertising allows the masses to choose for their own selves the different products and services that are offered by the organizations. Now it is up to these organizations how well they enact measures and campaigns to sell their products and services to the end customers. It would be incorrect to state that all advertising is unethical, yet there are more chances that advertising will fox the people rather than being forthright in its dealings. This is because in the competitive world of today, it is important for the brands to make their cut, and this can only be done if there are whole-hearted efforts put in by the organizations to coin strategies and campaigns which will bring about the advertising for such products and services. The ethical debates are significant to understand because these will present forward the strengths that exist within the advertising circles and the grey areas w hich need to be plugged in essence. However, for the sake of discussion here, there is a fine line between the morally correct domains and the inadvertently wrong ideologies that are being propagated by the organizations as they aim to sell their respective goods across the board, either to the masses or to a selected audience. What remains most essential here is to gain an insight as to how this advertising is coming about – either in an ethical format or the complete lack thereof. This paper shall study the basis of business ethics within the realms of advertising and how certain target groups are more susceptible to advertising than others. The ethical issues that surround advertising include the fact that there are certain target audiences which are not apt and in line with the advertising that is being propagated today. This means that these people will take the opposite view which is not sent towards them, or is misunderstood on some occasions. What remains to be unders tood is how these people shall be targeted if the same methodology is not proving successful. The answer to this question lies in the dictum that advertising should be such that will cater to a select target audience while not relying on the other(s). This is true in the case of cigarette advertising where the smokers are properly advertised the message of the cigarette manufacturing company while the aspiring ones do not fall within the same limits of advertising (Phillips, 1997). Such issues also fall under the aegis of advertising which is done for the sake of the children. If they get the message wrongly, their impressionable minds get a message which is not intended for them in the first place. Thus what is required here is a vision to set things right and that too within the corrective realms of being ethical all the way. If these aspects are not adhered to, then there would be significant issues in the wake of properly reaching out to the relevant target groups, and there wou ld be a lot of wastage within the advertising quarters. The ethical dilemmas in advertising arise when one set of audience is geared to receive the benefits of advertising while the other does not get into the details at all. These could be possible within the same society as well, which is all the more understandable considering there are many factions, groups and segments within a target audience spanning a country or a region for that matter. The ethical dilemmas within the advertising realms is simply getting to the people without even letting the other group know what kind of advertising the former is getting. This is a contrasting instance but then again, proper planning and foresight need to be in line with achieving the results that one can think of the advertising circles in this day and age. The manner in which these ethical dilemmas in advertising are resolved is something that makes it all the more significant. If these ethical problems are not understood properly by the